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ClCO-»*»O«Ot~J0CJ 



BREEDING, 

Training, Management 



AND 



DISEASES 




AND OTHER 

DOMESTIC ANIMALS, 

With Ninety-Five Illustrations, 

1/ —BY— / 

J. M. HEARD. M.R.C.V>S^V^^^^^ ^^ 

Late Professor of Veterinary Surgery in the New York Coltegeli I / 

Veterinary Surgeons ; Member of the New York Academy of 
Comparative Medicine and Surgery, 

Author of "Horse Shoeing, Past and Present." "How to tell the Age of a Horse," 
"Chart for Horse Owners," etc. 

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. 

NEW YORK, 1893. 




COPYRIGHT. 1893, 
DR. J. M. HEARD, M.R.C.V.S. 






PREFACE. 

II LTHOUGH there is no dearth of books which treat 
1 on the subjects contained in this little volume they 
are, for the most part, so expensive as to be out of the 
reach of the average American farmer, who must, after 
all, when considered in the aggregate, do the great 
bulk of breeding, and they must necessarily be the own- 
ers of a vast majority of the domestic animals contained 
in the whole country. 

Again ; they treat, for the most part, on special cub- 
jects and, therefore, contain a great deal of matter that 
is useless and not clearly understood by the average 
stockowner. Neither has he the time to devote to a 
complete and detailed study of each of the subjects 
treated in this work. It will also be found that most 
books on Breeding and Diseases of Animals that are 



PREFACE. 



written in plain, every-day language are very ancient 
and, therefore, have not the information contained in 
modern books, which may be based on the vast ad- 
vance which has been made in scientific breeding, and 
on the great discoveries which have been recently made 
in medicine and surgery. 

It has been my aim to give the average stockowner 
the information that he must necessarily be continually 
seeking, in language so plain, that any common school- 
boy can understand it. I have, therefore, avoided tech- 
nical terms wherever possible. 

Another reason which has impelled me to arrai^ge a 
book relating to diseases of animals, is the fact that in 
a large extent of our country, the services of an educa- 
ted Veterinarian are difficult to obtain by the average 
stockowner who resides, for the most part, at a con- 
siderable distance from large towns, and even when ob- 
tainable, it will be only at a considerable expense, be- 
sides the loss of valuable time in checking serious dis- 
ease and thereby avoiding a part of the losses which in 
the aggregate, are enormous. A recent bulletin issued 



PREFACE. 



by the Department of Agriculture, placing the annual 
loss of live stock in the United States by disease, at 
more than $100,000,000 From experience, I am sure 
that a large part of this immense loss can be avoided, 
and it has been my aim to give the necessary advice 
which will eventually lead to the saving of a very large 
percentage of the domestic animals which at present 
die from preventable or curable diseases. 

The insertion of the section relating to the adminis- 
tration of medicines, with an alphabetical table of dis- 
eases and their remedies and the table relating to medi- 
cines and their doses was suggested to me by Dr. J. A. 
Breakall, for which I thank him. My brother. Dr. A. 
M. Heard, has also rendered valuable aid in many ways 
which I cannot here specify. I also thank Mr. George 
Kittredge for the interest he has taken in making the 
drawings for several of the illustrations, and Messrs. 
Clarke and Kichardson, for the loan of valuable cuts. 

J. M. HEARD, M. R. C. V. S. 

NEW YORK CITY. 



Copies of tlnis Book: 

may be ordered through any 

PUBLISHER, BOOKSELLER 

or 

NEWSDEALER 

in the 

GNITEb 5TATE3 ANb CANADA 

or will be sent free by mail on receipt of price 
(One Dollar) 

by 

DR. J. M. HEARD, M.R.C.V.S. 

119 WEST 56TH STREET, 
NEW YORK CITY. N. Y. 



PART I. BREEDING. 

INTRODUCTION. 

I AM well aware that tliere is no royal road that will 
lead to the highest degree of success for all who may 
attemj)t the task of becoming profitable breeders of 
high class animals, whether of horses, cattle, sheep, 
swine, poultry, dogs, or in fact any of the domesticated 
animals. In fact it may be generally stated that the 
failures will outnumber the successes as ten to one. On 
looking over the field, however, we can see many man- 
agers who are successful, and on careful inquiry it will 
be found that nearly all of them have attained success 
because they have acted on lines which are entirely in 
accord with proven biological facts. It may be as- 
serted that success in breeding will not be achieved by 
any hap-hazard method, but by careful plans, laid out 
after great deliberation, and according to a certain 
standard of action w^hich breeders have set up for their 
guidance. I am aware that an occasional hap-hazard is 
sometimes temporarily successful, and this may occur 
apjDarently in spite of the violation of what many suc- 
cessful men would call positively correct principles. 
These facts show to some extent the great difficulties 
with which the breeder has to contend; especially will 
the difficulty appear very great if we bear in mind the 



10 BREEDING OF 

almost fabulous amounts that are yearly spent by some 
of our wealthy men in efforts to become successful 
breeders of one or more species of domestic animals. 
On close scrutiny it will be found that there are certain 
well defined principles which it is necessary for all 
breeders to adojDt if they wish to be permanently suc- 
cessful, esj)ecially in a pecuniary sense. And perhaps it 
may not be out of place here to sound a word or two of 
warning against what seems to be a tendency to the 
production of a degenerate race, so far as horses are 
concerned. 

I presume it will be admitted that the aim of select 
breeding in the domestic animals should be to obtain 
an animal that is most suitable for the accomplishment 
of the labor that is required to be performed by that 
species. Of course it is too much to ask breeders to 
forego a prospective present profit for the good of the 
future generation of horses, for there are very few men 
with public spirit enough to refuse to breed horses 
that can run a fast half mile, and for which they can 
obtain an exceedingly profitable price, notwithstanding 
that in most cases at the present time those same 
horses are entirely useless for any other purjDOse, not 
even making good hacks or hunters, and certainly 
useless on a farm. And the numerous small race tracks 
in the neighborhood of large cities where short races 
are being run all the year round seem to increase the 
evil to a tremendous extent, and will probably lead to 
the development of immense speed for short distances, 
to the detriment of the general advancement of all 
breeds of horses that would naturally take place were 
speed and stamina combined to be the qualities necessary 
to profitable ownership. After all, it is perhaps easy to 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



11 



exaggerate the presumed ill effects of such periods of 
fashionable aberrations as above described, for nearly 
all of the vast numbers of animals that are annually 
bred in all civilized countries must necessarily be 
raised for practical i^urposes. This will always be the 
underlying basis for the general breeder, no matter 
how some breeders may succeed in sj)ecializing a cer- 
tain number of animals, and this assertion holds good 
in the case of all domestic animals. A horse that may 
be considered a typical animal for general purposes is 
seen in Fig. 8. 




Fig. 3. Hackney. 



12 BRKEDINa OP 



GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 



There are certain biological laws which relate to Ee- 
production, to which all animals are subject. Many of 
those laws have only been formulated within the past 
half century; in fact, to the influence of Charles Darwin 
more than any other man, or perhaps any ten men, is 
due the formulating of reproductive laws and the 
grouping of facts relating to them. 

The two underlying principles each of which is op- 
posed to the other and by which all breeders are 
guided, are Heredity and Variation, 



HEREDITY. 

"Wherever we look in the field of Natural History, 
the one fact that stands out more prominent than any 
other is the strong tendency for like to beget like ; yet 
if this were an invariable rule there could be no change 
in types of animals, and there could be no advance- 
ment in breeding. Again, unless the principle of 
heredity was exceedingly strong, there would be no 
permanent fixity of any improvement which might be 
produced by any scientific breeder. But under the 
strong influence of the law of heredity any chance 
improvement which may occur in any breed of animals, 
can almost certainly be reproduced in future individ- 
uals that may be born as a result of ]3airing the animal 
in which the improvement has appeared, with another 
of the same species. The failure to reproduce this im- 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 13 

provement in the progeny will frequently happen, but 
by suitable pairing the improvement can generally be 
reproduced. If we can lay down a rule to guide us in 
accomplishing this very desirable object, a great ad- 
vance will be made in scientific breeding. This we 
shall now attempt. 

It has been found that in some families of animals a 
tendency to reproduce their Jike is much greater than in 
others. I will only mention one which will be familiar 
to breeders all over the country, namely, "Rysdyk's 
Hambletonian." It used to be a very common observa- 
tion: " How much like the old horse he or she is," even 
to grandsons and grand-daughters of this horse, in 
form and style as well as in action. This horse had a 
great individual tendency to reproduce this improved 
form, style and speed, even when mated with very in- 
ferior mares. This tendency in one parent to overcome 
what is lacking in the other is called "prepotency." 
We say therefore that in Hambletonian his prepo- 
tency to produce his desirable qualities was very 
great. It may also be said that the prepotency 
of Electioneer was also very great, in fact, so great was 
it that it seemed to make no difference scarcely what 
kind of mare he was mated to, a fast colt was sure to be 
the result. Even to thoroughbreds his influence was 
so much greater that fast trotters were almost invari- 
ably the result of the pairing, a result of such a mixed 
union being the celebrated Palo Alto 2.08| — Electioneer 
himself, being a son of Rysdyk's Hambletonian, thus 
inheriting a very strong tendency to reproduce fast and 
well formed trotters, as we have seen. How are we to 
tell with reasonable certainty, whether an animal is en- 
dowed with unusual prepotency or not ? If it were pos- 



14 BREEDING OF 

sible to tell with certainty, we could almost class breed- 
ing with the exact sciences. Unfortunately we cannot 
do this except in those cases where the prepotency has 
been proven, as was the case with Hambletonian, Elec- 
tioneer, and others after a trial at the stud for three or 
four years. But the following rule will be found use- 
ful; viz. : that the longer the line of descent in which 
the desired trait can be traced, the more likely is the 
desirable quality to be transmitted to offspring; so that 
any quality which may arise in an individual, if trans- 
mitted for several generations, will become stronger and 
stronger with each generation, and will soon become 
strongly inherited, and the prepotency of each descend- 
ing parent will be increased in the direction of the al- 
tered character. Hence, all other things being equal, 
there would be much better chance for obtaining a 
very fast thoroughbred, with lots of stamina, by mating 
a female with a male that had proven fast for long dis- 
tances; and this chance would be greatly strengthened 
if the male progenitors had also inherited great speed 
with good staying powers. Therefore, the greater the 
number of progenitors in which can be traced the de- 
sired quality, the more likely is the quality to be repro- 
duced in the offspring. This rule applies to all animals, 
whether wild or domestic. 

Unfortunately we have a prepotency to reproduce 
undesirable qualities as well as desirable. This is one 
of the great drawbacks that breeders have to contend 
with. For instance: a sire with small, thin feet — espe- 
cially if it has been inherited for two or three genera- 
tions — will be likely to reproduce in a large proportion 
of his progeny this very undesirable quality. There 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 15 

are many other imperfections and many diseases and 
malformations which are inherited. The following are 
some of the diseases which are strongly inherited: 

Anchylosis of Joints (Stiff Joints) 

Broken Wind. 

Cataract. 

Curb. 

Diarrhea. 

Hemorrhage. 

Imperfections of Feet. 

Navicular Caries. 

Ophthalmia. (Moon Blindness). 

Ostitis or Sore Shins. 

Rheumatism. 

Rickets. 

Ringbones. 

Roaring. 

Sidebones. 

Spavins. 

Staggers. 



ANCHYLOSIS of JOINTS.— As a result of various 
inflammatory diseases in bones and joints we very fre- 
quently get a complete union between the two or more 
bones that enter into the formation of a joint. There 
are some joints in horses that are peculiarly liable to 
this abnormal condition. The hock joint is in a high 
degree susceptible to this change, and I have often 
made dissections and found all the bones of the hock, 
except two, strongly united together by this bony 
union, and in which not the least particle of motion 
could take place except between the astragalus and 



16 



BREEDING OF 



tibia. The inflammation which precedes this condition is 
very frequently the hidden cause of lameness, and that 
of a very chronic character. This condition may be ac- 
companied by an outside swelling (Bone Spavin), or it 
may not. If there is no outside swelling, there is no 
way of making a positive diagnosis of this condition. 
Therefore any lameness in the hind limbs that is of a 
chronic character, and cannot be definitely located, 
should be a sufficient cause to prevent the animal from 
being sent to the stud for breeding purposes. 

BROKEN WIND.— This disease is well known to be 
inherited, and any animal suffering from it should be 
avoided by the careful breeder. 

CATARACT. — This is a chronic disease of the eye, 
and can be easily discovered by looking into the pupil. 
If cataract is present there will be noticed a light col- 
ored speck of varying size, from that of a pin head to 
a spot large enough to fill up the entire pupil. This 
disease is inherited beyond a doubt, and is a frequent 
cause of blindness, and if a breeder wishes to obtain an- 
imals with perfect sight there should be no horse with 
a cataract allowed in the breeding establishment. 

CURB. — This is a disease that very frequently causes 
lameness. When present, even if the animal is not lame, 
the selling value is very materially lessened, even in a 
common grade of horses. How much more would be 
the depreciation if it was a cause of lameness, and 
thereby decreased the speed of a racing animal, the 
animal being probably made worthless. I have known 
a sire affected with curb to get colts, three-fourths of 
which were affected with this disease before they were 
six year^ old. In fact there are numerous instances 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 17 

showing the strong tendency of this disease to be in- 
herited. Never breed from a sire or dam that has a 
curb. 

DIARRHEA. — There is a form of diarrhea which is 
sometimes present in trotters, that seems to be caused 
by a constitutional irritation of the bowels. In many 
cases the subjects of this affection cannot be driven in 
a speedy manner for any length of time without caus- 
ing diarrhea. Such horses are very liable to become 
debilitated, and easily the subjects of chills and colic 
and to lose their appetite for twelve or fifteen hours. 
Such animals are often said to be delicate and unable 
to stand any severe exertion, when frequently repeated. 
An animal that is subject to this disease should not 
be bred from. 

HEMORRHAGE. — Many thoroughbred horses, when 
made to run to the top of their speed, are affected with 
this serious condition of bleeding from the nostrils. 
This is also due to inherited and constitutional causes, 
and if this condition is present in any proposed candi- 
date for the stud, he or she should be rigidly excluded 
from the breeding establishment. 

FEET— IMPERFECTIONS OF— The shape and 
form of the feet tend very strongly to be inherited, and 
any weakness which may be present in the sire or dam 
will be very likely to appear in the offspring. One of 
the worst faults in respect to the feet is seen when they 
are small and cramped, and when the horn is thin and 
has a tendency to become dry and brittle. This form 
of hoof is especially liable to corns and quarter cracks 
and are the easy subjects of- bruises to the soles, by 
stepping on stones and other solid objects projecting 
2 



18 



BREEDING OF 



from the surface of the road. I have known a stallion 
which had such feet to reproduce colts about half of 
which could not be driven on macadamized roads for 
any length of time without going lame from bruises to 
the soles, or a cracking of the thin, dry horn at the 
quarter of the foot. A large foot is not so objectionable 
from a utilitarian point of view, but may be somewhat 
objectionable in race horses. It may be said, however, 
that a large foot is seldom to be considered an objection 
in an animal that is otherwise suitable for breeding 
purposes. Many horses that travel apparently sound 
are seen with contracted heels, and although this is 
frequently due to bad management of the feet, there 
are many cases in which horses are predisposed to this 
condition from thin, weak horn. When it is proposed 
to breed from an animal with contracted heels, and the 
cause cannot be plainly traced to bad management of 
the feet, including bad shoeing, the subject should be 
excluded for breeding purposes. Be sure that both 
dam and sire have well formed and good sized feet. 

NAVICULAR DISEASE— Although this is not such 
a common disease in this country as it is in Great 
Britain, in consequence of our having softer roads, yet 
it is frequent enough, especially in animals past middle 
age that have been driven for any length of time in the 
vicinity of towns, where there are stone pavements or 
macadamized roads. Do not breed from any animal 
that is the subject of navicular disease. All authorities 
agree that it tends to be strongly inherited. 

OPHTHALHIA.— In March,1893,a gentleman sent, for 
my examination (requesting a written report), a beauti- 
fully formed cob mare that was then suffering from an at- 
tack of inflammation of the eyes, and had been the subject 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 19 

of another attack two months previous. The eyes 
were clouded over, showing all the appearance of a 
constitutional ophthalmia (moon blindness). He wished 
me to report especially on the advisability of placing 
her on his stock-farm for breeding purposes. Knowing 
as I do how strong is the tendency for eye diseases to 
be inherited, I was compelled to advise against the 
step he contemplated. I should have been exceedingly 
derelict in my duty had I done otherwise. Whenever 
an animal is the subject of cataract, or cloudiness on 
the front of the eye — thus showing the effect of ophthal- 
mia — it should be rigidly excluded from the breeding 
farm. 

OSTITIS or SORE SHINS.— This may be consid- 
ered almost exclusively a disease peculiar to thorough- 
breds, and from the fact Jthat many otherwise good 
horses break down when young from this disease, they 
are very likely to be sent to the stud for breeding pur- 
poses. Now, inasmuch as the very fact of their having 
broken down is a proof of constitutional weakness in the 
bones of the limbs, it should be a sufficient cause to 
prevent breeders from getting more of the same kind 
of weak-boned weeds that are more than likely to turn 
out to be useless as racers or for any other purpose. 
Beware of an animal that shows the sign of having 
been at any time affected with sore shins. 

RHEUMATISM — Although rheumatism as a disease 
may not be directly inherited, the constitutional condi- 
tion which makes an animal peculiarly subject to it is 
probably inherited. I should therefore strongly ad- 
vise against breeding from an animal tnat is the subject 
of rheumatism. 

RICKETS — This is a constitutional disease and af- 



20 BREEDING OF 

f ects animals while they are yet very young, The pecu- 
liar condition of the bones which causes them to bend 
or give way under the weight of the body has a strong 
tendency to be inherited. It should therefore be the 
aim of the breeder to pick out animals that have no ap- 
pearance of having the long bones bent in early life. 

RINGBONES. — All authorities recognize that the 
tendency to ringbones is strongly inherited. It is 
therefore very necessary for the successful breeder to 
keep all animals affected with ringbones from becom- 
ing members of his breeding family. 

ROARING. - Youatt gives some strongly convincing 
instances where sires affected with this disease had got- 
ten numerous progeny that were the subjects of roar- 
ing. He says: "Facts have established the hereditary 
predisposition to roaring beyond the possibility of 
doubt." A well known owner of horses said to me that 
he dreaded an outbreak of distemper among his horses, 
as it was almost certain to leave some of them as 
roarers. There is no doubt in my mind that if breed- 
ers were more careful in this resj)ect thoroughbreds 
would not be more subject to be left roarers after dis- 
temper than are other breeds of horses. The rule should 
be to never breed from a roarer. 

SIDEBONES. — This is often a disease of the more 
common bred horses, but nevertheless is strongly in- 
herited and is a cause of making numerous animals 
comparitively useless except for very slow work. The 
breeding of animals affected with sidebones can only 
result in a deterioration of the quality of horses when 
considered in the aggregate. 

SPAVIN. — This is considered by all authorities to be a 
disease which is very strongly inherited, and as it is a 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 21 

very serious affection and a great source of loss to horse 
owners, it would seem to be tlie height of folly to breed 
from animals already diseased, and which are almost 
certain to reproduce in their progeny the tendency to 
take on the same abnormal character. 

Wliile visiting in the country some years ago, a pa- 
tron of mine called my attention to a foal about three 
weeks old that had an enlargement on the inside of the 
hock which I quickly found to be a true bone — spavin. 
I inquired carefully about the sire and dam. I could 
not find out anything about the sire that could be of 
value in coming to a correct conclusion regarding the 
condition of his hocks, but the owner of the colt still 
owned the dam. On examination I found that she was 
a plucky cob that had been worked hard to a butcher's 
cart for years; that she had two well developed spavins 
on the hocks, which even then were a cause of the stiff 
and stilty action so characteristic of horses with fully 
developed spavins, and in which the inflammation — 
which is always present during the period of develop- 
ment of spavin — had previously disappeared. The owner 
informed me that he had noticed the peculiarity at the 
time the colt was foaled. I have never seen any but this 
case where a foal was born with a well developed spavin, 
but spavins frequently develop at a very young age, 
and in many cases it will be found that the progenitors 
were the subjects of the same disease. Therefore, in 
breeding horses of every class care should be taken that 
horses with bone-spavin should be excluded from the 
farm. 

STAGGERS. — This is a very serious disease and no 
animal should be bred from that has at any time shown 
any symptom of it. 



22 BREEDING OP 

AVhile I have used the above strong protest against 
breeding from diseased animals, it is not considered 
that the progeny of diseased animals will all be affect- 
ed; in fact a great many will probably escape, and this 
will depend to a great extent on the degree of prepoten- 
cy that may be present in the diseased parent. 

Lehndorff, a great authority on breeding racehorses, 
says : " The principal requisite in breeding a racehorse is 
soundness ; again soundness, and nothing but sound- 
ness." 

TEMPER. — I cannot refrain from uttering a warning 
against the too frequent practice of sending bad tem- 
pered mares — that are uncontrollable in ordinary occu- 
pations — to the stock farm for breeding purposes with 
the remark that "she is not useful for work, but she 
will probably drop a goosl colt. There is nothing more 
certain than the fact that the temperament of the par- 
ent is very frequently re[)roduced in the offspring 
and every breeder knows what a useless article a colt 
with a vicious and uncontr 'i able temper will prove to 
be; in fact, he will be more profitable dead than alive, 
and will certainly be less dangerous to the lives of at- 
tendants that might be brought into contact with him. 
A good temper is one of the most valuable traits in the 
constitution of a breeding parent. This should be made 
a cast-iron rule with breeders of all animals. 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. ^3 



VARIATION. 



Without a tendency to variation there could be no 
advance in organization or progress in results. 

Variation is directly opposed to heredity, so that these 
two directly opposite forces are continually warring 
with each other for the mastery; and it is the object of 
the breeder to take advantage of any little change that 
may be to the benefit of the animal which he is at- 
tempting to improve. The improved animal does not 
always show it in his physical proportions. Especially 
is this true of thoroughbreds and trotters. It is impos- 
sible to predict in advance the career of L..iy yearling 
colt, either runner or trotter, from his form or shape, 
and successful purchasers of horses at the breeders' 
sales depend principally on the breeding of the animals 
they buy, trusting that the force of heredity will be 
stronger than the opposite force of variation. Yet we 
very frequently find that the most carefully bred colt 
has varied sufficiently in some particular character to 
make him comparatively useless for racing purposes. 
On the other hand, we occasionally find that a colt that 
has been what may be considered rather carelessly bred, 
will show enough variation from his parents in the 
right direction to be an extremely valuable animal. 
The tendency to variation is the force which is the 
cause of those two anomalous facts. There is one 
quality in the composition of horses and dogs that is 
probably of more importance than any other, and is en- 
tirely hidden. in a superficial view of an animal. I refer 
to the nervous organization. It is to this part of the 



24 BREEDING OF 

animal system tliat is due the much greater strength 
and endurance of some animals when compared with 
other animals which resemble them in external appear- 
ance. Every horse owner knows that we may take two 
horses that are almost exactly alike in size, shape and 
action, that one will turn out to be a very valuable an- 
imal for work, while the other, though subjected to ex- 
actly the same conditions as to management, will be of 
very little practical utility. The difference is due to the 
better nervous organization of the useful horse. We 
may also say that the nervous system is also subject to 
variation in a high degree, and that this is a factor 
that cannot be discovered by any observation of the 
form of the animal. This fact will always make the 
breeding of fast horses more or less problematical and 
in consequence of its uncertainty, give it a speculative 
character. It is by taking advantage of variations in 
form or action that the different varieties of each spe- 
cies of the domestic animals have been selected and 
have now become distinct breeds. 

In this short work, it will not be possible to go into 
details of the best methods for breeding thoroughbreds, 
neither is it necessary, as there are many books written 
by men who have had far better facilities for observa- 
tion than myself, and who have written very fully on 
the subject of pedigrees and breeds of successful race- 
horses. There are a few general hints that may be in- 
serted for the guidance of those who have not the facil- 
ities to obtain the more expensive treatises on breeding. 

CLiriATE. — This has much to do with the results of 
breeding. It may be said that steep hills, marshes and 
low lands are not suitable for the successful breeding 
of hox'ses. In countries where there are periods of pro- 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 25 

longed cold, the conditions are opposed to the breeding 
of fine horses. Intense cold tends to stunt the growth 
of the young animal. Young animals should be well 
fed if we expect to obtain well-developed, full-grown 
adults. There should be no over-crowding on the 
stock-farm. 

It is not sufficient that a sire should possess the for- 
mation it is desired to correct in the dam, or that the 
dam should have qualities likely to improve defects in 
the sire, in order to insure the obtaining of a perfectly 
formed product, but both sire and dam must be well 
shaped to get progeny that may be better than the 
parents. Young or middle-aged dams usually bear ani- 
mals that have more vigor and stamina than old or ex- 
tremely young dams. 

William Day gives the following advice for the selec- 
tion of thoroughbred mates : " Consider carefully the 
external form of the mare, the relation of different parts 
to each other, her capabilities, so far as known ; above 
all, her breeding and that of her ancestors; then select 
a sire on the same careful system." It will only pay to 
breed from the best stock, no matter what kind of do- 
mestic animal it may be. This applies equally to 
horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens, etc. 

It is usually considered that soils resting on a chalky 
or limestone formation are the best suited for the loca- 
tion of breeding farms. 

ABORTION. 

This is a very important subject to breeders of high- 
grade animals and in the aggregate, a source of im- 
mense loss. Billings says : " that it causes an im- 
mense loss to the agriculturist and breeder." In some 



26 



BREEDING OF 



statistics collected by the New York commissioners the 
average number of abortions was about 5 per cent, of 
the whole number of cows that were pregnant. Many 
years ago it was estimated that the loss in New York 
State alone was over four million dollars a year. In 
mares it is not of such frequent occurrence as in cows, 
but still frequent enough to cause considerable loss. 

Causes. — The facts point to the certainty of an in- 
fection frequently being the cause in cows, as the fol- 
lowing will show : A German authority reports that 
all the cows aborted in one stable, while none aborted 
in another on the same farm. In another case abortion 
continued after every possible change in the manner of 
feeding. Other cases are reported where it has existed 
for a number of years, constantly increasing until fin- 
ally nearly every pregnant cow aborted. In another 
stable one cow after another aborted, while none oc- 
cured in a second stable on the same farm, until a maid 
who had assisted at an abortion at the first stable re- 
turned to the second stable and attended the cows 
there, when abortion set in and continued for a long 
time. These and other facts point to the absolute cer- 
tainty of the infectious nature of the malady. 

It is very frequently caused by violence in the mare, 
and in fact this is a very common cause in all animals. 
Falls, kicks, excessive labor, great exertion, any of the 
violent inflammations of the internal organs, irritant 
medicines, and diarrhea are all causes of this affection. 
I have known it to follow the casting of a mare for an 
operation, also from decaying animal matter, as the re- 
fuse from a slaughter house. A friend of mine, a 
butcher, informs me that he has often tried to l)reed 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 27 

mares that are stabled near his slaughter house and al- 
ways without success. 

The following medicinal agents are said to be a cause 
of abortion : Cantharides, Tansy, Savin, Cotton-root 
bark, the various forms of ergot, and x^robably other 
fungoid bodies that are frequently found in musty 
fodder. 



28 









BREEDING 


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DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 29 

PARTURITION— FOALING-CALVING, ETC. 

This is the act of the normai expulsion of the mature 
fetus. In the higher animals it is a very complicated 
physiological process, and fraught with considerable 
danger to both the dam and progeny. And the more 
we deviate in our standard of breeding from the origi- 
nal wild type of the animal, the greater will be the dan- 
ger of fatal accidents attending parturition. 




Fig. 4. Cow in the act of parturition. 

Symptoms. — The preliminary symptoms or signs of ap- 
proaching parturition are an increased size and sen- 
sitiveness of the mammae (udder.) The tenderness in- 
creases until the fetus begins to feed on the milk of the 
mother. The vulva becomes swollen and flabby. This 
is followed by restlessness, the mother lying down and 
getting up again in much the same manner as in colic, 
and she often seeks a remote place to bring forth her 
young. The pains now become more severe ; they are 
more frequent, and they continue for a longer time; this 
increases until the fetus is expelled, if it is a normal la- 
bor. The naval cord is now ruptured and there escaj^es 
perhaps a little blood. The time of expulsion of the 
fetus after the actual pain varies in different animals. 



30 



BREEDING OF 



but if the labor is normal the mare will expel it in from 
five minutes to half an hour after the first actually visi- 
ble symptom of pain. The cow from half an hour to 
two days. Sheep from fifteen minutes to three hours. 




Fig. 5. Mare in the act of parturition. 



EXPULSION OF FETAL MEMBRANES OR 
AFTER=BIRTH. This may occur soon after birth, or 
it may be delayed for a variable period. It is unusual 
for the after-birth to be retained for more than an hour 
or two in the mare, but in cows it is frequently retained 
for several days. It may be generally said that there is 
no great need of removing the retained membranes by 
mechanical means for a week or more after birth, unless 
there is a high external temperature of the atmosphere, 
or unless the genital organs are abraded, or if there is 
frequent straining, and especially if there are fetid or 
bad smelling discharges from the vagina. In these 
cases it is necessary to remove the decomposing mem- 
branes as soon as possible. 

Fleming advises that when necessary the retained 
membranes be removed from the uterus of the cow by 
passing in the hand and gently tearing away the mem- 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 31 

branes from their attachments about the third day. 
However, it is often possible to remove them by gently 
pulling on the small string of membranes that usually 
projects from the vulva and hangs down. 

The following formula for a medicine to assist in the 
expulsion of the retained membranes is recommended 
by Hering. 

Carbonate of Potash - - - half an ounce 
Savin leaves one ounce 

These to be infused into one pint of water, then fil- 
tered, and given warm in conjunction with linseed tea, 
and rej^eated every six hours until the membranes are 
expelled. 

INVERSION OF THE UTERUS. 

It sometimes happens that the uterus is turned in- 
side out as it were, and the whole organ will be pro- 
truded from the vagina, and hang in a pendulous man- 
ner when the animal is in the standing posture. When 
in this condition an attempt should be made to return 
the organ. The following method will usually be the 
most successful. 

If the animal is in the lying position, she must be made 
to rise if possible, as it will be much easier to return the 
organ when in the upright position. Also attempt to 
rig a (contrivance whereby the hind quarters will be 
raised higher than the front part of the body. Now 
take a bed sheet or something similar and fold it double. 
Place assistants holding two corners of it each side 
of the uterus, and place it under the organ. Now have 
the men raise the uterus. The operator, standing be- 



32 



BREEDING OF 



hind, should begin to return the organ to the abdomi- 
nal cavity by pushing carefully the parts nearest the 
vulva, and gradually working more and more back into 
the cavity until the whole of the uterus has been re- 
turned. The animal will strain considerably at times 
while this is going on, and it will be necessary for the 
operator to use continuous pressure to prevent the ute- 




Delwart's truss applied. 



Fi^'. 6 Loop of 
rop>- to form Del- 
war ts truss. 

rus from returning again to the outside. But it can be 
accomplished successfully if the operatv-^r uses j^atience 
and does not f jr a moment relax his vigilance. After 
the return there is sometimes considerable straining, 
and it may be necessary to keep in close proximity for 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 33 

a few minutes to prevent the uterus from being forced 
out again. The organ being iu place again it is usually 
necessary to take steps to prevent another inversion. I 
have found the following to be very successful : take a 
large bag needle and thread it with strong tape. Insert 
two stitches, allowing them to cross each other. They 
should be inserted rather deeply so as to secure a good 
hold. In this way a return of the organ or even a por- 
tion of it very rarely takes place. Another method to 
prevent a re-inversion is by the application of Delwart's 
truss, which can be made with an ordinary rope, (fig- 
ure 6) and applied as in figure 7. Several other 
contrivances have been used, all having the same end in 
view, namely narrowing the outlet from the vagina. 
None of these appliances should be placed so tightly 
that the animal cannot pass the urine. 

Many seemingly- hopeless cases of inversion may be 
remedied by using the above means. I will give one 
instance to show the recuperative powers of the organ. 
Being sent for by a breeder, six miles from my residence, 
I arrived at the farm in a storm of sleet and rain which 
had lasted several hours. I found the cow in the field, 
lying down with the whole uterus protruding. It was 
covered with darkish purple spots and cold, and to all 
appearance had no chance of being restored to a normal 
condition again. I had a sheet brought, and with the 
necessary assistants we raised the cow and lifted the 
uterus with the sheet; then led the cow to a shed, where 
I operated as above explained to return the organ, and 
placed two stitches across the lips of the vulva. The 
uterus way retained and a complete recovery took ])hu-e 
in a few days.* The uterus retained its normal position. 
3 



34 



BREEDING OF 



PRESENTATION OF THE FETUS. 

By presentation is meant the j^art of the fetus which 
first presents itself to the uterine outlet. 

In Fig. 8, is a representation of a twin pregnancy 
from Fleminc. 




^J^, 



Fig. 8. Poaitiou in normal twiu pregaauuy. 




i?'ig, 9, Normal preseutatiou. 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



85 



The most common way for the fetus to be preseuted 
is represented is Fig. 9, and is usually considered its 
natural position. As will be seen, the nose and fore 
feet are presented first. With this method of presen- 
tation there is rarely need for artificial assistance. 




Fig. 10. 



A presentation of the hind feet, is seen in Fig. 10. 
In this case delivery is usually effected by natural 
forces of the mother without outside help. 

There are many cases of what may be termed false 
presentations where the greatest skill and ingenuity 
of the operator will fail to make a successful delivery. 
There are other causes which may prevent a normal 
delivery, but they can only be mentioned in this place 
and the more common cases slightly touched upon. 

The cases of difficult labor are from ten to fifteen 
times more frequent in cows than in mares. They 
are also very, common in bitches, caused to a 
great extent by the fact that large males are 



Bf) BREEDING OF 

frequently mated with small females, in which case 
the fetal animals will probably be larger than the 
mother can expel under normal conditions of labor. 
Difficult parturition is much more dangerous in mares 
than in cows. It is said that if labor is delayed more 
than three or four hours in the mare the death of the 
fetus is sure to result, Avhereas in the cow it frequently 
happens that parturition is delayed from 24 to 48 hours 
without any disastrous result to the fetus. However^ 
where labor is delayed over a reasonable time, no delay 
should be allowed, but an attempt made to discover in 
what position the fetus is placed. In order to do this 
the hand should be well oiled, and inserted into the 
vagina, and if the opening into the uterus is suf- 
ficiently dilated, the hand should be carried into that 
orcfan also. Bv this time some of the fetus will be felt. 
If it is a lindj>, an attempt should be made to discover 
whether it is a fore or hind lind>. This will be easily 
determined if the hand is carried as far iq* ^^^^ linib as 
the knee or hock. If it is a hind leg, the joint of the 
hock will be felt. It should also be remembered that 
the hock joint bends in the opposite direction to that of 
the knee. If it is a fore leg, an attempt should be 
made to find its mate, and also to try and feel the head, 
and discover if the nose is pointing toward the vagina 
If it is a hind limb, an attempt should be made to find 
the other and feel if the tail is coming toward the uter- 
ine opening. While making these explorations it should 
also be noticed whether it is an extraordinarily large 
fetus or not, or anything that may be peculiar about 
it. And here I may mention that in my practice I 
have found one case in which the uterus was twisted as 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



87 



seen in Fig. 11. In this cnse it Avas impossible to intro- 
duce the hand or even two fingers. Of course the case 
terminated fatally. This impediment is rare. 




Fig. 11. Twisted litems. 



It may he found that the fetus is very large as a 
whole, or parts of it abnormally large, as in droj)sy of 
the head, chest or abdomen, or from emphysema ; that 
is, where decomposing or putrefactive gases have been 
generated in the tissues under the skin of a dead fetus. 
If there is found to be dropsy of any part of the body, 
it may be necessary to puncture the cavity and allow the 
fluid to escaj^e, when the fetus will more nearly assume 
its normal size and probably allow of a fairly easy de- 
livery. If there is general emphysema, it will be detect- 
ed by the slvin having an elastic feel when pressed. 
"When this is the case it will often be necessary to make 



38 BREEDING OF 

nuiiiorous punctures through the skin. Thi.s can l)e 
(lone by a knife or any pointed instrument. Where this 
is present, it Avill be found that the walls of the uterus 
and vagina will be very dry and it is necessary to use 
oil or grease freely before an attempt is made to de- 
liver a fetus of this description. 

In this place it may be also mentioned that monstros- 
ities are sometimes found. These vary in numerous 
ways, which are exceedingly interesting to the embryo- 
logist, but which cannot be noticed here. I can only 
give a short description of one of the most interesting 
as well as a very rare specimen that I met with several 
years ago when practicing my profession in an agricul- 
tural neighborhood. On examination I found three 
feet coming almost together. Passing my hand along 
the legs, I found that I had two hind feet and a fore 
foot. Groping further I soon felt what apparently was 
some of the intestines and internal viscera of the fetus. 
Being all at sea as to what it meant, I followed up the 
fore leg and tried to find the head, in which I was un- 
successful, neither could I find the other fore foot. I 
expectad to have a difficult labor, so attached two ropes 
to the two hind legs and gave them to assistants. After 
using a quantity of oil to lubricate the parts, I ordered 
the assistants to i3ull gently but firmly, while I attempt- 
ed to guide the fetus so that the hind quarters would 
come through the outlet all right. By strong and 
steady pulling, together with the efforts of the cow, a 
successful delivery was accomplished in about ten 
minutes, when the following fetal condition was seen. 
The abdominal and thoracic cavities were open, the 
walls of which were turned back, much like the abdo- 
minal walls of a lamb when killed and dressed for the 



DO^rESTIC ANTINIALfi. oO 

market. The cliapliragin waa in place and the viscera 
in their normal situations, but the neck was doubled 
backward and the head lay back on the dorsal portion 
of the spine, which explained why I had been unable to 
find it on making the manual examination. I believe 
the fetus had been alive up to the time of my manipu- 
lations, but probably died while coming through the 
outlet from pressure or perhaps some other cause. At 
any rate it did not breathe after being born. The cow 
progressed in the normal way after delivery. We will 
now consider a few of the more common presentations 
in which assistance is required, 

If there is a normal presentation and the water-bag 
has ruptured, the operator can frequently cause a com- 
plete delivery by simply oiling the parts, taking hold 
of the logs above the feet, and pulling strongly at the 
same time that the animal has the pains. In this man- 
ner the fetus comes nearer to complete expulsion at 
each period of labor pains. If it cannot be accomplished 
in this way, ropes or strong cords should be applied 
above the feet and given to assistants The o2:)erator.. 
passing the hand up, tries to place the head in an easy 
position for exit, and he may at the same time use trac- 
tion on one of the jaws, Avhile the assistants exert trac- 
tion on the cords or ropes at the time of pains, thus as- 
sisting delivery. 

FETUS WITH FORE=LinBS BENT AT THE 
KNEE. — Figure 12. Sometimes one knee only is bent, 
at other times l)oth. This is usually a difficult presen- 
tation to remedy unless the attemj)t be made earh^ The 
hand should be passed back alongside of the neck and 
the limb grasi^ed just above the knee and pushed back, 



40 



BREEDTNa OF 



the shoulder elevated toward the ears of the fetus ; then 
secure the leg at the feltock and try to bring it toward 
the outlet. If both knees are bent, this should be re- 
peated to get both feet near the opening. Having 
done this, deliver in the way described for normal pre- 
sentation when difficult. 




Fig. 12. Fotus with forC'limba bent at the kuee . 



FORELinBS COnPLETELY BENT BACK UN- 
DER. — Figure 13, In this presentation push back the 
foal or calf as far as possible into the uterus, and bring 
the limbs gradually toward the outlet, as recommended 
in the last presentation (bent knee). Then deliver in 
the same manner as normal presentation. 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



41 




Fig. i:j. Fore limbs completely bent back uudor. 




Fig 14. Head of fetua turned downward. 



HEAD OF THE FETUS TURNED DOWNWARD.— 

Pass the hand along toward the nose of the fetus; 
grasp it and lift the head so as to he able to turn it to- 
ward the ojiening, and deliver as before recommended. 



42 



BREEDING OF 



If there is an uj^per deviation of the head, an attempt 
must also be made to bring- the nose toward the outlet 
by bringing- the head around. If it is sideways the same 
method of procedure is indicated. 




Fig. If). H ;ck preaeiitation with cord atttiched . 



HOCK PRESENTATION.— Push the fetus as 
far as possible into the uterus. This Avill be material- 
ly assisted by raising the hind quarters of the dam 
above the level of the fore limbs. If possible, turn 
the feet backward and let the labor take place by hind 
foot presentation. If necessary, to complete delivery 
ropes can be attached to the legs and traction applied, 
as already explained, by assistants under the direc- 
tion of the operator. If the legs cannot be turned 
back in this manner, ropes may be applied, as shown 
in the figure, the assistants bringing the limbs as far 
out in the vagina as possible, when the operator can with 



DOMESTin ANIMALS. 43 

comparative ease- cut oft' the limbs at the hocks, or at any 
rate divide the tendons behind and above the hock, 
when the limbs will easily bend up double, with the feet 
close to the styfle. The delivery will usually be ef- 
fected with comparative ease. 

I have not mentioned the various instruments used 
by veterinarians to facilitate delivery, as in most cases it 
would be dangerous for an ordinary operator to attempt 
their use. In all cases where the limbs are turned back 
and cannot be easily brought around, there should be 
no hesitation in using a great deal of force to push 
back the body of the fetus, to allow the limbs to be 
turned the more easily. The princix^les to be observed 
in effecting delivery are purely mechanical, and allow 
a considerable degree of latitude in the selection of ap- 
pliances to aid the natural powers of the mother. 

BREAKING AND TRAINING OF COLTS. 

It is a very simple matter to break and train colts 
when the handling is begun at a sufficiently early age 
and the earlier the education of the future horse begins, 
the easier will be the task. However, on account of the 
breaking taking up more time than the ordinary bree- 
der is willing to give to it at an early age, it often oc- 
curs that colts are not broken until they are two or 
three years old. The breeder has now a very difficult 
problem to deal with, for if he makes a serious mistake, 
it is likely that his colt w^ill turn out a run-away, a 
kicker, or evince his vicious propensity in other ways. 
We will therefore consider first, the proper steps to take 
to properly bring up a colt so that he will be a quiet, 
tractable animal, and therefore very desirable to own. 



44 BREEDING OF 

It will 1)0 found that on account of great difference in 
disposition, temj^erament, tractability, docility and in- 
telligence, colts will require various means to educate 
them to become useful horses. Some are naturally stu- 
pid and difficult to teach ; others are very nervous, and 
everything strange alarms them; others are stubborn 
and perverse ; each requiring to be handled according 
to its temperament and tendency. The tw^o governing 
principles with the handler should be kindness and 
firmness. 

Begin to break the colt to the halter when a few 
weeks old, and get him so that he will lead easily. 
Run tlie hands down over his legs occasionally and 
after a time lift his fore feet one after another for a few 
moments. In this way you will get him used to being 
handled in various parts of the body without any fear 
of his being harmed. Having done this, it will be a 
great help to the horse-shoer when he is taken to the 
shoj) to be shod for the first time ; and he should be 
taken at a time Avhen no other horses are around, or 
only one or two, so that he will not be apt to get rest- 
less and excited while waiting to be shod, for, on ac- 
count of the strange noises made by the hammer on the 
anvil, etc., colts are often wrought up to a high 
pitch of excitement previous to the beginning of the 
shoeing operation. It may be well to give spirited colts 
a considerable amount of exercise before taking them 
to the shop, to make them more tractable to the manipu- 
lations of the horse-shoer. Neither should any colt be 
placed in the stall alongside of a kicker, cribber, wind- 
sucker, weaver, or horse with other visible vices, as they 
are often imitated in an incredibly short space of time. I 
have known a cribber placed alongside of another horse 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



45 



for only one iiight and the other horse to become aii 
incurable cribber within a few days afterward. Young 
colts should not be overworked, as it often causes them 
to become apathetic, lazy, and sometimes vicious, be- 
sides beino- a cause of various diseases. 




Fig. 10. Leg strap. 




Fig. 17. Horse showing leg-strap applied. 



Wc will now consider what is best to be done with a 
colt that proves to be unmanageable, when ordinary 
means are used to get him broken. We will suppose 



43 BREEDING OF 

tliat tlie breaker has succeeded iu getting on an ordin- 
ary halter, but that the colt refuses to be led, or has 
broken away from the man as soon as he gained the 
open air. He must be returned to the stable again. 
At the end of the halter should be tied an extra rope 
about 20 or 30 feet long. The breaker should take in 
his hand a rope about 5 feet long with a loop. in one 
end, or what is better, a stirrup strap or breeching 
strap of a single harness, or the leg strap seen in Fig. 
16, and advancing carefully alongside the colt or vi- 
cious horse, pat him gently on the neck and shoulders 
for some minutes, gradually but steadily working his 
way with his caresses toward the fetlock of the fore leg. 
Now attempt to lift the foot and put it down again^ 
repeating this operation 3 or 4 times, each time keeping 
the foot suspended longer than before. Having to 
some extent gained his confidence, try to pass the ropo 
or strap around the fetlock, and when the foot is lifted 
again, secure the stra}) by tightly buckling around th(^ 
arm. If a rope is used, it should be secured by a 
half-hitcli bow-knot, so that if the necessity' occurs the 
rope can l)e slackened innnediately, which could not be 
done if a proper half-hitch knot were used. Now the 
horse will begin to plunge and move around lively — 
even if he is on three legs — and the breaker should 
keep at a respectful distance, with a good hold of the 
rope at the end of the halter shank, trying to steer or 
drive him toward the door into the open yard or lot. 
Of course it will be best to get him on to a field where 
the ground is soft, although there is no danger of the 
horse injuring himself when restrained in this manner, 
but sooner or later he will probably lie down, and as it 
will be best to give him a large amount of 3-legged 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 47 

exercise, let him run as much as he is inclined to, oc- 
casionally giving him a sudden pull around by tugging 
strongly at the halter shank, just to let him feel that 
he is under control. After giving him time to become 
a little fagged, gather the rope up slowly toward the 
head, and as soon as he will allow it, pat him on the 
neck and body, gradually working your way so as to 
liandle the hind quarters and limbs. If he suddenly 
starts up and tries to jumj) away from you, give him 
some more running around, until he will let vou handle 
him all over. He should be thoroughly tired out before 
being allowed to get on all four feet again. He must 
also be willing to allow the breaker to get around him 
without showing fear. Now let down the foot, and try 
to lead him around gently for some time, which will 
usually be accomplished without trouble. I have never 
yet found a horse that I have been unable to secure in 
this manner, although I have handled a large number 
of wild mustangs and other vicious horses. It may be 
necessary to repeat this operation the next day and for 
several days afterward, if the animal is stubbornly vi- 
cious. I believe it is possible to tame any horse by this 
means if it is persevered in for several days. Another 
method for securing a vicious animal, and in fact any 
horse that is liable to be dangerous to the attendant, 
and also one that will be very useful when having to 
perform small operations on the quarters or hind limbs, 
as sewing up wounds or firing, is to place a strap on 
the front leg, as described above and shown in Fig. 16, 
In addition apph' a side-line, to the hind fetlock, as 
shown in Fig. 18, having the rope brought around to the 
front and hel(J by an assistant. This will also prevent 
the horse from rearing. It will be found that no matter 



48 



BREEDING OP 



how vicious the horse may be he is comparatively pow- 
erless for mischief w^ien this is applied, and the oper- 
ator will be quite safe eveu when placed behind the 
hind limb. These will be all the special appliances 
necessary to be used in breaking even the most refrac- 
tory animals. 




Fig. lb. Hind-limb secured by a sideline. 



It is well in this j^h^ce to introduce a common, aud 
it may be said, a very convenient method for throwing 
horses, a method that can also be used on vicious 
horses when the necessity for throwing them arises. A 
drawing of this is seen in Fig. 19. As will be seen, the 
only special apparatus required is a strong rope about 
25 to 30 feet long, such as can be found on every farm. 
This should be doubled, and about two or three feet 
from the l)end a knot is tied, as seen at A. This forms 
a loop, -xs'hich should be large enough to encircle the 
neck like a collar. It will be well now to strap up the 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



49 



fore foot {IS seen in Fig. 16 previously described 
Then, having chosen a soft place, carry the ropes back 
under the breast, between the fore legs and between 
the hind legs around below the fetlock, then bring 
them forward, one on each side, and through the loop. 
Two assistants should take the rope on each side witli 
one man at the head. By pulling on the ropes the ani 
mal will soon be taken off his legs and fall down, when 
the man at the head should immediately place the 
weight of his body on it to prevent struggling. The 
ropes can be securely fastened and the casting com- 
pleted at the will of the operator. 




Fig. 19. Rope arranged for throwing Horfsea. 



This will be very convenient as a means of restraining 

animals on farms at a distance from towns where hobbles 

might be obtained, as some horses will not allow even 

the stitching up of small wounds without being thrown. 

1 



50 TRAINING OF 

Second. Having got the horse or colt under control 
for leading purposes, it will be well to put on a bridle 
and get him used to having a bit in the mouth, wearing- 
it for some time each day, and gradually get him used 
to being led by the bit. Care should be taken that the 
bit is not buckled too high in the mouth ; also avoid 
sudden jerking, as it is apt to bruise the gums, which 
are now very tender. This is probably the most fre- 
quent cause of bad mouths. If farmers could only ap- 
preciate the enormous losses in value that occurs in the 
best grade of horses through this circumstance, I am 
sure they would be more careful than they now are to 
keej) the mouth in as perfect a condition as possible. If 
they will once grasp the fact that their best interest 
centres in breeding horses for carriage purposes, in- 
stead of raising them with a little sj^eed and less 
size, in the hope that lightning will strike" them and 
make fast trotters of them, they will be in a fair way to 
get a good price for them. In order to get a good 
price for a horse for carriage driving he must be of 
good size, well formed with a good head and neck, a 
good mouth and sound. A breeder need not look for cus- 
tomers for such stock, for dealers in fine horses are con- 
tinually scouring the country in search of them. It 
is really surprising to see the large number of other- 
Avise valuable carriage horses that arrive in New York 
every year, with spoiled mouths, which by bad training 
become pullers and have to be sold at an uncommonly 
low figure to be used at some common every day ser- 
vice. Now, if it is proposed to make a harness horse of 
the colt, the harness should be placed on him and al- 
lowed to stay on for some time, while the attendant 
handles it in various w^ays — pulling at the traces and 



HORSES. 51 

• 

tugs, tightening the breeching, etc. This should be re- 
peated a few times before hitching up the animal. The 
colt should now be placed in a two-wheeled cart, and a 
kicking straj) applied. It is usually good policy to al- 
low the colt to stand still until he moves off of his own 
free will ; then to move along slowly being gradually 
made to feel the bit and to go slower or faster by 
gently tightening or slackening the reins. This pro- 
cess to be repeated every day until he is quite tractable 
to all changes of vehicle or grade of road. 

In regard to the training of running or trotting 
horses, there can be no regular rule laid down, as each 
horse will have to get a special and individual treat- 
ment, in order to get the very best results from his 
training. In general terms it can be said that the most 
successful race horses are those that have a joerfect di- 
gestion, and that have the power thereby of changing 
the stored-up force or energy that is contained in a 
large amount of food, into active and potential force, so 
that some of our most noted running horses take daily 
from 15 to 20 quarts of oats, and keep in the most per- 
fect condition when taking even such large quantities. 
Then again some horses require from 8 to 12 miles of a 
canter while others will only stand a quarter of this 
amount, yet will win some very fast races for short dis- 
tances. The rule is, however, that the animal that will 
stand the most severe work in training is the animal 
that wins large amounts of money. William Day, the 
celebrated English trainer of race horses, laj^s down 
the following valuable rule : " If a young colt that is 
trained or exercised along side of an old horse has not 
passed him when near the end of his trial, the old horse 
should be held up to allow the young colt to get cou- 



52 



MANAGEMENT OF 



rage and confidence in liimself." This rule Avill also be 
advantageously applied to trotting horses. Mr. Day 
adds : "Many horses are made ro.^ues by a violation of 
the above rule." and by the abusive use of whip and 
spur on two-year-old colts. 



MANAGEMENT OF THE HORSE. 

STABLE — This should be roomy, with high ceilings 
and good ventilation. The temperature should be kept 
as near 60 degrees, Fah., as possible, but heat should 
not be preserved at the expense of ventilation. It is 
much better to keej) your animals warm by extra cloth- 
ing, than to keep them warm in a hot, close stable, 
with no adequate means of ventilation. A cold stable 
is also to be prefered to one that is too hot. 

FOOD. — The principle of feeding, is to feed on such 
food and in such quantity and manner as will maintain 
the horse in the most perfect health possible, having 
regard to the service required of it. Some foods are 
much more easily digested than others. It has been 
calculated that only 20 per cent, of wheat straw is diges- 
ted as compared with 76 j^er cent, of hay. A healthy, 
strong horse can digest much more food and quicker 
than a weakly one, and a sick horse may have its diges- 
tive powers seriously enfeebled, while hardship and fa- 
tigue have the same effect^ 

Food that has much dirt mixed with it may cause 
colic, indigestion, etc. Food that has become mouldy, 
from imperfect preservation or otherwise, is less nutri- 
tious and less digestible than clean food and is, besides, 
a fro(j I lent cause of colic, diarrhea, diabetes, skin dis- 



HORSES. 58 

eases, paralysis and abortion in Tireeding animals. A 
sudden change from dry to green food often causes 
diarrhea, as also does new hay or oats, and especially is 
this the case with horses that are kept for fast work. 
On the contrary, a change of diet from green food to a 
dry and comparatively indigestible food will often cause 
constipation and indigestion, with other complications 
as a result, This is very frequently seen in the change 
of food that is given to horses when taken from the ru- 
ral districts to large cities. 

COOKING FOOD. — There are several reasons why 
the dry foods used for feeding the domestic animals 
should be cooked. First, is that of economy, the saving- 
being from fifteen to twenty-five per cent, besides less- 
ening the tendency to disease, and consequent loss 
thereby. It has also been proven that animals fed with 
steam cooked food, take on fat much faster than those 
that are fed on the same quantity of dry uncooked food 
showing that a considerable saving can be made in 
time required for fattening animals for market, and al- 
lowing the owner to dispose of them sooner than if dry 
fed, thus saving the feed that would be required to be 
given if kept feeding for a longer time. 

Second. It would allow of the safe feeding of food 
that had been partly spoiled by being improperly cured 
— that is, mildewed — and containing the various fungi 
in large quantities. Musty hay and oats could be mixed 
with other materials and when properly steamed would 
be perfectly harmless and wholesome. Various appara- 
tus are used, mostly consisting of an iron boiler with 
a connecting furnace and tubes for condacting the 
steam to the iubs containing the food to be cooked. 
It requires little or no attention and a very small 



54 



MANAGEMENT OF 



amount of fuel will suffice to cook food for 100 horses. 
The price of the various apj^aratus ranges from fifty to 
two hundred dollars. 

GROOniNG.— The beauty, health and vigor of the 
horse are largely dependent on the condition of the 
skin. To harden the skin under a saddle or collar 
where there is apt to be very profuse perspiration, 
there should be applied, after taking oft the harness, a 
diluted solution of Heard's Dermal Liniment, as di- 
rected on the label. 



REMEDY FOR TEARING THE CLOTHING. 




Fig. 20. Remedy for tearing the clothing. 



In figure 20 is shown a good remedy for the preven- 
tion of the habit of tearing the clothing-. 



HORSES. 55 

CLIPPING. — This prevents undue perspiration in 
horses that are worked hard, and they are less subject 
to colds than horses with long coats. This is explained 
by the fact that horses that have long coats perspire 
very readily when working. The pers^^iration does not 
quickly evaporate through the hair, and the coat be- 
comes saturated and hangs on the animal in much the 
same manner as would a wet blanket on a man. Exper- 
ience has proved to me in a large number of instances 
that clipping horses is a great hygienic improvement 
on the old-fashioned way of allowing the old coat to 
remain on until spring. 

LOSS of KNEE ACTION.— This sometimes occurs 
as a result of some acute disease. It is also ^frequently 
caused by working a young animal too hard, and I have 
frequently had my patrons say : " I gave one thousand 
or twelve hundred dollars for that team, and when I 
bought it six months ago it had splendid action ; now 
it looks like a pair of old hack horses." On inquiry I 
have found that the horses which are probably only 5 
years old, have been in the carriage for 3, 4, or 5 hours 
a day. The reason they have lost their stylish action 
is that the wear on the nervous system has been more 
than the supply of nerve producing elements would 
justif)^ This is also the case when good action dis- 
appears after sickness. And I may say here that this 
alone explains why some horses lose their speed after a 
severe attack of illness. It is my opinion that speed 
and fine action depend much more on the quality of 
development of the nervous system than it does on 
muscular development. 



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PART II. DISEASES. 



During a xevj busy practice as a veterinarian for the 
past 27 years, some of the early part of which was 
spent as veterinarian to the Third Avenue Street Rail- 
road Co. (2,100 horses), the Bleecker Street Railroad Co. 
(GOO horses), the Knickerbocker Ice Co. (400 horses), 
and the New York Transfer Co. (400 horses), I have 
naturally had the opportunity^ — seldom offered to vet- 
erinarians of the jn-esent day — to study in a practical 
manner the nature of all the various diseased conditions 
to which horses are subject, and to demonstrate by ex- 
periment the efficacy of the various means of treatment 
for the cure of each disease. This has been rendered 
all the more easy of accomplishment by my early train- 
ing in the sciences of Chemistry and Animal Physiology, 
in each of which branches I received a government 
jorize, given by the Science and Art department of the 
administration in Great Britain. Neither have I neg- 
lected the opportunity that this city affords of keeping 
up to date in the line of progress, having taken the 
special course in Pathology that is offered at the New 
York Polyclinic Post Graduate Medical School. Having 
done a large amount of work in Chemical and Patho- 
logical laboratories, I have had opportunities that fall 
to the lot of but few veterinarians. 

In the few following pages I shall attemj^t to give 
the stock owner the benefit of my past experience as 
well as the b§st instruction that is offered by other au- 
thors in the treatment of diseases. 



08 DISEASES OF 

It is not iny purpose to give a detailed account of 
the various diseases to which the domestic animals are 
subject, as that would require seveial volumes, each sev- 
eral times the size of this book. I shall aim, however, 
to give a short description of the causes, symptoms, the 
best means of treatment, and the directions to be car- 
ried out, in language that may be easily understood by 
any one who is in the habit of handling stock. Neither 
shall I take uj) the reader's time by describing those 
rare diseases that are often only met with once or twice 
in the lifetime of very busy veterinarians. 

To make it eas}' for the ordinary reader to find a de- 
scription of the disease that his animal may be suffering 
from, I shall divide the subject into the following heads : 
Diseases of bones and joints, contagious diseases, dis- 
eases of the resj^iratory system, diseases of the diges- 
tive system, diseases of the urinary organs, constitu- 
tional diseases, injuries, abnormalities of teeth, and 
parasites. 



DISEASES OF BONES AND JOINTS. 
SORE SHINS. 

This is a disease that the majority of running horses 
are subject to, and usually occurs soon after the 
beginning of severe training. In this disease we 
have an inflammation of the metacarpal or cannon bone 
and its fibrous covering. 

Causes. — Violent concussion, such as the race-horse 
is subject to wdiile the structures are in a young and 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



59 



tender condition and easily the subject of change, when 
conditions are unfavorable to the normal development 
of the bone. Winter training is particularly adapted 
to act as a cause of sore shins, on account of the severe 
concussions to which horses are subject when galloped 
on frozen ground. 

Symiytoms — Lameness in one or both limbs, after 
becoming very pronounced in a day or two, slight swell- 
ing, usually beginning on the front of 
the lower part of the metacarpal bone 
and sometimes extending upward, 
and to the sides. This swelling will 
have a doughy feel. There will be a 
good deal of tenderness on pressure 
being a2)plied. When very severe 
there is some fever and occasionally a 
loss of ajopetite. 

Treatment. — If the disease is dis- 
covered early, the leg should be placed 
in a bucket of hot water— as warm as 
can be comfortably borne by the hand 
— and renewed as often as required, to 
be continued for two or three hours, 
after which Heard's American Embro- 
cation should be well rubbed in and a 
woolen bandage aj^plied. This treat- 
ment to be repeated in twelve hours 
and continued until the skin gets 
somewhat roughened — the same as 
in a very light blister. This will usually be much bet- 
ter than blistering, because the soothing influence is 
more continuously applied. When severe, it is also ad- 
visable to give a cathartic ball containing four or five 




Fig. 22. Metacarpal 

bone showing effects 

of sore shins. 



60 



DISEASES OF 



drams of Alops. Tlio diet slioiild he somewhat re- 
stricted. 

In figure 22 is seen a drawing of the results on the 
metacarpal bone of a severe attack of sore shins. It 
will be seen that the bone is very much roughened from 
the extensive inflammation. 



SPLINTS. 



Splints are tumors of the metacar2:)al bones. They 
are peculiar to the inside of the leg, and are usually 
situated from the middle of the metacarpal to two inches 
below the knee. 

Causes. — In the evolution of the horse from three 
toes to one toe, the two side toes have gradually tended 
to become united to the center toe (see figure 28). 




Fig. 2;^. Showing toes of the ancestors of the horse. 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 61 

The transformation to the one-toed animal is not even 
yet complete, for the young horse has quite a respectable 
remnant of the two lateral toes still in existence. This 
is true also of fetal life. But it ma}" be asserted that 
the horse is fast arriving at the stage where there will 
be no separate splint bones, and therefore no necessity 
for them to become consolidated in order to have a 
stronger toe to stand the great weight and severe 
strains and concussion of hard work. 

Splints may be considered as additions of bony mat- 
erial to the leg, thrown out by nature to strengthen the 
limb that has been found too weak to withstand the la- 
bor required of it. The addition of this material is 
sometimes carried on so gradually that no lameness re- 
sults, while at other times, especially when young 
horses are put to violent exercise, an intense inflamma- 
tion is set up and great lameness is the result, which 
sometimes continues for several weeks, or until the 
process of deposition of the new bone is completed. 
We may safely say, therefore, that inheritance and ac- 
tive straining or concussion are the great causes of 
splint lameness. 

Symptoms. — If they develop very slowly, it will fre- 
quently be noticed that splints will be found on the in- 
side of the leg without the owner having observed any 
lameness or other symptoms that indicated disease of 
the limb. If it is caused by active concussion, there 
will often be considerable pain on pressure, and great 
lameness, which is more pronounced when going down 
hill. 

Treatment. — When detected early, the horse should 
be taken from work and an application of Heakd's Ameri- 



G2 DISEASES OF 

CAN Embrocation made twice a clay, rub in well and ap- 
ply a piece of sponge or rag which has been soaked in 
the Embrocation, retaining it with a flannel bandage. 
In nine cases out of ten, this will effect a cure in from 
two to four weeks. In cases that resist these compara- 
tivel}" mild measures, recourse should be had to the fir- 
ing iron, followed by a cantharides blister. I have 
found two or three cases in which on post-mortem ex- 
amination, small bony tumors with sharp edges oi 
points something like a knife, have grown out at the 
back of the metacarpal bone, and of course, right under 
the susj)ensory ligament, causing lameness whenevei 
the animal was subjected to labor. In those cases it 
was impossible to discover the cause of the lameness, 
and it would have been useless to have attemj)ted a 
cure even if the cause had been discovered. A horse 
that has perfectly sound action should not be considered 
unsound because splints are present ; on the contrary, 
Lhe limb is certainly stronger after the so-called splint 
has become fully developed, than t was previous to the 
begin*iiing of the growth. 



5PAVIN. 



In this x)lace we shall treat of the diseases known as 
bone-spavin only, leaving the consideration of bog and 
blood-spavins for notice in another place. 

It has usually been considered that the enlargement 
which occurs on the inside of the hock joint constitutes 
the disease known as bone-spavin. This narrow inter- 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



63 



pretation lias been a fruitful cause of dissension among 
veterinarians, and a source of a great deal of litigation 
between buj^ers and sellers of horses. It will be my 
aim to make the description of the changes that take 
l^lace in the hock joint — as a result of disease leading 
to the enlargement called spavin — so plain that the or- 
dinary reader will have a tolerably clear percej)tion of 
them. As Avill be seen in Fig. 24, there are a num- 
ber of small bones entering into the 
formation of the hock joint (in the 
young animal there are 9). Between 
those various bones there is very little 
motion at any time, yet it may be as- 
serted that in the normal condition 
some motion is allowed. The bones 
are held together by a strong kind of 
fibre — a kind of gristle. It quite 
frequently happens that from some 
•cause or other an inflammation is 
started in either the bones themselves or 
in the fibrous structures which hold 
them together. If this inflammation 
becomes extensive,or is long continued, 
one of two things hai^pens : either 
portions of the bone or bones ulcerate 
and waste awa^^ causing what is 
known as necrosis, or the opposite condition is the 
result, viz: that there is new material of a bony nature 
added to existing structures, filling up the space be- 
tween the bones and of course destroying what little 
motion is normally present. Now, we can have this con- 




Fig. 2t. Hind leg 

showing bones 

of hock. 



G4: DISEASES OF 

ditioii of neAV boue formation between otlier bones oc- 
cur in any part of tlie liock joint. Sometimes its ex- 
tension from the point of beginning- to other bones in 
the joint is extremely slow. We can also have this bony 
material thrown out between any two of the bones, and 
as can be readily understood, without any extra en- 
largement outside of the joint. We may, in fact, have 
severe and long-continued lameness from inflammation 
or ulceration occuring all through the joint between 
the various bones, and yet have no external enlarge- 
ment. This, then, is why there is such a variety of 
opinion on the subject of the ^jresence or absence of 
spavin iu horses that are lame in the hind lindj. I 
have made a dissection in which all the bones entering 
into the formation of the hock joint were joined togeth- 
er as if in one Ijone, and in which there was only a 
small amount of enlargement on the surface of the 
l)ones where the so-called spavin is usually situated. 
In this j^lace we shall call all cases spavin where there 
is an inflammation, or its results (v.liich usually lead to 
a new bony formation) in any part of the hock joint, 
whether there is an enlargement on the surface of the 
bones or not. It can now be seen that the enlargement 
is apt to occur on almost any part of the surface of the 
bones of the hock. It is found, however, that in most 
cases the new growth is situated on the inside of the 
hock ; very rarely on the outside. This is accounted 
for by the inside of the limb being more under the cen- 
tre of gravity, and apparently having to take more of 
the concussion than the outside. Probably for the 
same reason the front of the inside is more frequently 
the subject of spavin than is the surface toward the 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 65 

back of the joint. Professor Williams says : " We eaii 
now understand why the external deposit is not the 
cause, but the result of the disease. So long as the 
ulcerated surfaces of the bones are unrepaired, the 
lameness will remain, but when the bones are united 
together (anchylosed) so as to form one bone and per- 
forming the functions of one bone, the lameness disap- 
pears, and the new material becomes as one of the es- 
sential structures of the body. " 

Causes. — Inheritance is perhaps the greatest cause. 
Hard work at an early age is also a frequent cause. In 
young horses, where the growth is not yet completed, 
the natural condition of the structures of the body is 
very easily upset, and diseased characters arise. It is 
also found that horses with small hocks are more fre- 
quently the subject of spavin lameness than those that 
are known as coarse hocked. Sprain of the fibrous 
ligaments, situated between the bones of the hock, and 
concussion of the bones — setting up an inflammation in 
the bones themselves — are the most frequent active 
causes. External violence may also be a cause. In 
many cases animals are foaled with one hock formed 
somewhat different from the other, and it will remain 
larger than the other, and no disease will be XH'esent, 
so that a horse is not necessarily spavined because one 
hock is larger than the other. A remark of Percivall 
may be quoted here: "Spavin, like splint and other 
transformations of soft, elastic tissues into bone, may be 
regarded as nature's means of fortification against more 
serious failures." 

Symptoms. — Perhaps the most constant symptom is 
the tendency to stand on the toe with the heel elevated 
5 



6Q DISEASES OF 

when resting; the horse usually moves very stiff or lame 
for the first few minutes, which passes off in many in- 
stances after travelling a mile or so. If the inflammation 
has extended to the surface, there will be pain on pres- 
sure; later, there will probably be some enlargement. 
It will be found, however, that the symptoms of spavin 
vary considerably and depend on the situation of the 
diseased part, and the amount of destruction of normal 
tissues that is going on. 

Treatment. — Have a high heeled shoe applied as soon 
as the nature of the disease is known, and, in my opin- 
ion, this is one of the most important requirements. If 
the lameness does not increase with exercise or perhaps 
light work, it is sometimes advisable to continue to work 
the horse every day. In fact, we frequently meet with 
cases that do not imj^rove with rest, though sometimes 
persisted in for months at a time, but when turned out 
to pasture immediately do so, and soon become useful 
animals. This probably occurs in consequence of the 
process of bony union between the diseased bones be- 
coming completed quicker when the bone is actively 
exercised. Other cases require long and absolute rest. 
The rule should be that all horses in which the lame- 
ness is increased by work, shall have absolute rest. 
The very best application as a remedy for spavin is 
Heard's American Embrocation, well rubbed in three 
times a day for five minutes each time, until a blistering 
effect is produced. Then cease for five or six days after 
which repeat the treatment. This will cure any of the 
ordinary cases of spavin. If we have ulceration on the 
inside of the joint, and consequently great lameness, the 
horse should be fired and a blister composed of one part 
of biniodido of mercury and six parts of vaseline ap- 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



plied. A shoe with veiy high heel calks must uot be 
omitted. 



RINGBONE. 

"We shall consider an inflammation of the upper or low- 
er pastern bones as ringbone, (see P. B. & K. T>. in skele- 
ton on page l),or that frequent result of such inflamma- 
tion, the formation of bony tumors on those bones. It 
is known as upper ringbone Avhen the upper pastern 
bone is affected, and lower ringbone when the lower or 
short pastern bone is the seat of the disease. We not 
unfrequently have the joint between those two bones 
also involved, and in many instances the two bones be- 
come firmly united together (anclylosed ) to form one 
bone. 

Causes. — Inheritance is certainly one of the most com- 
mon causes. Williams says : "I advise breeders of horses 
never to breed from a sire or dam having ringbones, un- 
less their origin can be readily traced to some accident- 
al cause." Age is an important consideration, as it usual- 
ly occurs in 3'oung horses that are very early put to hard 
work. The shape of the limbs also has an important 
bearing on the frequency of the disease, horses with 
very upright pasterns being especially liable to it. This 
is what we might expect, for concussion to the bones 
will be much more severe in upright limbs than when 
they are more obliquely placed. Concussion and strain- 
ing, and sometimes external blows are the active causes 
of this disease. 

Si/mptoms.-r-'^he horse attempis to give the leg an ob- 
lique or slanting position, and therefore travels on his 



68 DISEASES OF 

heels, except when the disease is located on the outside 
or back of the pastern of the hind leg, Avhen he will put 
the toe down first, or what is known as " travel on the 
toe," if the disease is active there will be very severe 
lameness and some pain on pressure around the pastern. 
After some little time, depending on the extent and 
severity of the inflammation, there will be found an en- 
largement at some point on the pastern, sometimes in- 
volving the two pastern bones, as seen in fig 25. 

Treatment. — If there is increased heat in the part and 
tenderness on pressure use hot water fomentations for 
half an hour, after which apj^ly Heard's American Em- 
brocation, rabbing it in well; then saturate a bandage 
with the same agent, and wra^o it around the pastern. 
This should be repeated twice daily until the skin is well 
roughened. Then stop the active treatment for a few 
days, when if the horse is still lame, the treatment should 
be repeated. Unless the disease is situated on the out- 
side or back of the hind pastern, there should be ap- 
plied a bar shoe, made veiy thin at the heels. If the 
disease is located on the hind limb at the outside and 
back a high-heeled shoe must be used; in fact, it may 
be laid down aa a rule that whenever a horse rests by 
standing on the toe or with the heels raised off the 
ground, a shoe raised at the heels should be applied. 
If the lameness still persists after repeated trials with 
the Embrocation, it will be absolute proof that the 
joint is involved, and the horse should be fired and blis 
tered as soon as possible 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



69 




Fig. 25. Showing effects of ringbone on the bones of pastern 



70 



DISEASES OF 




Fig. 20. Coffin bone showing Bide- bones at A. A. 

SIDEBONE— OSSIFICATION OF THE LATERAL 
CARTILAGES. 

At a. a. in Fig. 26 is seen the side bones which have 
taken the place of the cartilages; at B. is situated the 
coffin bone. 

This is a disease that usually attacks the fore feet, 
and most frequently in heavy made horses. The change 
that takes j^lace in the lateral cartilages, by which they 
are transformed into bone, is commonly a very slow one ; 
in fact, takes place so slowly that no pain is felt and no 
lameness is noticed during development. At times 
however, the change is more rapid and inflammator}' in 
its nature, and lameness becomes quite pronounced. 

Causes — Inheritance, hard work at a very early age 
(principally drawing heavy weights), and active concus- 
sion. 

Symptoms. — The sure sign is that the usually elastic 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 71 

cartilages over the heels of the hoof become unjdelding, 
stiff and hard. In a horse with normal lateral cartilages, 
slight thumb x^i'essure over the quarters of the hoof 
will cause the cartilage to bend inward toward the pas- 
tern bone; but if sidebones have formed, there will be 
no give to the part when pressed with considerable 
force. 

Treat7nemt. — Rest, bar shoe, the firing iron and blis- 
ters. 

FRACTURES. 



In fractures of bone we have a portion broken off so 
that it is not closely continuous with the remainder. 
We maj^ have the bone simply cracked through without 
displacement, or it may be displaced to a considerable 
degree from its proper location. The bone may be 
broken straight across, or the crack may be in an oblique 
direction. The outside projecting points on bones are 
frequently the subject of fracture, as for example, the 
breaking off of a portion of the point of the ilium. 
(13 in figure of skeleton). In this article only the most 
common kinds of fracture will be treated on. 

FRACTURE OF LOWER JAW. 



Causes. — Perhaps this bone is more frequently the 
subject of fracture than any other. It is usually caused 
by the bit bruising the gum and covering of the bone, 
so that a portion of it dies for want of nutrition, and a 
breaking off of the dead portion is the result. It is 



72 DISEASES OF 

sometimes caused by the curb-chain bruising the cover- 
ing of the bone under the jaw, and the break will take 
place the same as described above. It is sometimes 
caused by blows or external violence of some kind, when 
it is usually of a more serious nature. 

Symptoms. — If from the bit, there will be swelling of 
the gums and considerable tenderness ; if the animal is 
worked, the saliva will dribble from the mouth in large 
quantities ; some horses get exceedingly ill-tempered 
when suffering from this accident, and will continually 
fight the bit if driven. Others again will not drive up 
to the bit and are apt to be made balky. If the curb- 
chain is the cause of the fracture, there will be swelling 
of the soft structures under the jaw, and very great 
tenderness. Abscesses sometimes form in this location 
as a result of the fractures, and we sometimes have 
formed a great deal of pus. AVhen the fractured piece 
of bone has separated from the main bone, we will 
shortly get small portions of dead bone working toward 
the surface, so that when examining horses with sore 
mouths I quite frequently find sharp pieces of bone 
protruding through the oj^en sore in the gum. This 
can be easily felt when the finger is run back over the 
gum. There is often a very bad smell from the horse's 
mouth. The horse will sometimes refuse to eat solid 
food, or onl}^ in small quantities, when the subject of 
this accident. 

Treatment. — If it is caused by the bit, and the gum is 
simply swollen, the following lotion should be used 3 
or 4 times a day : powdered borax, 1 ounce ; dissolved 
in half a pint of water, then add J an ounce of laudanum. 
If there is a wound in the gum and a bad odor from the 
breath, the finger should be inserted in the wound, and 



DOMESTIC ANIMAI-S. 7o 

if any pieces of hone are felt, they shoukl he removed. 
This can often he done h}^ simply catching the piece 
with the finger and thumh and pulling it out ; at other 
times it seems to be wedged in tightly, and it will he 
necessary to use some kind of instrument to get it out. 
A forcej^s or a stout nail will usually answer the purpose. 
The nail should be run down alongside the loose piece 
of bone and the dead portion lifted out. Be sure that 
you have removed all the pieces, for if not, the wound 
will not heal. This should be followed by the applica- 
tion twice a day, with a small sponge or piece of cloth, 
of a little of Heard's Healing Lotion, and if the fractured 
pieces of bone are all removed, the wound will heal very 
quickly. The bit should not be used, as the pressure 
will retard healing and cause the animal great suffering. 
Feed soft food. If the swelling is on the outside of the 
jaw, and is caused by the curb-strap or curb-chain, it 
will be well to apply a poultice of linseed meal, to which 
has been added about a tablespoonful of Heard's Ameri- 
can ExMBROCATioN, aud repeat twice a day. If there are 
any wounds from ruptured abscesses, they should be 
dressed with Heard's Healing Lotion twice a day. If 
possible insert the little linger or a wooden prol)e to see 
if there is any loose l^oiie. You may l)e sure that there 
is a fractured piece of bone if there is any very bad 
smell from the wound. This must be removed before 
the outside wound will heal. The curb-chain or strap 
must not be used until the wounds have healed. 



74 DISFASES OF 



FRACTURE OF THE ILIUM. 

The illeum is seen at 18 in the figure of the skeleton. 
Next to fracture of the lo\Yer jaw this is the most fre- 
quent. Sometimes a large part of the i^rojecting spine 
is broken off from the main bone ; at other times only 
a small piece is chipped off. 

Causes. — External violence, such as catching the pro- 
jecting- point of the illeum in passing through narrow 
doorAva^'s, falls on hard substances, etc. 

Symptoms. — If seen soon after the accident, the side 
on which the fracture lias taken place will look flatter 
than the other side. The fractured piece will have been 
drawn forward and inward by the contraction of the 
abdominal muscles, so that there Avill be quite a space 
between the two fractured ends ; consequently there 
will be no grating sound heard when the parts are 
moved about. The animal will be slightly lame at first 
which soon increases and may become quite pronounced. 
There will probably be some pain on pressing on the 
illeum. If a string is passed from the middle of the 
spine to the point of the illeum that has not been in- 
jured and the exact measurement taken, it will be found 
to be longer than the measurement when taken on the 
side of the fracture. 

Treatment. — Rest, and the application three times a 
day of Heard's American Embrocatiok, w^ell rubbed in. 
This to be continued until the quarter is well blistered. 
AVith this treatment these cases always become useful 
for slow work and often make good driving horses. To 
a close observer, however — no matter how small a 



DOTVrESTIC ANTlNrAT.S. 75 

inece of bone is cliipj)ed off— tlio subjects of this injury 
will always seem to move slightly to one side behind, 
and have a perceptible limp. The best method to de- 
tect an old fracture of the illeum is to stand exactly be- 
hind the horse and look over the quarters, when any 
uneveness of the two sides will be immediately de- 
tected. 



FRACTURES OF THE BONES OF THE LIMBS. 

Causes. — Falls, kicks and blows of various kinds. 
Sometimes the bones themselves are in an extra brittle 
condition, when they are easily broken. An illustra- 
tion of this occurred in my own practice. A horse was 
being driven along the street when he suddenly gave 
way on one side, and, trying to save himself on the op- 
posite side, suddenly fell down flat and was unable to 
rise. On examination, both thigh bones were found to 
be fractured at about the same j)lace on each bone. 
When the bones were examined, they were found to 
contain an excess of earthy matter, and a very small 
amount of animal matter, which latter makes the bones 
toagh and not so easily broken. In the bones of old 
animals the earthy matter is in much greater proportion 
than in those of young animals. The bones of old ani- 
mals are therefore more easily broken. 

Symptoms. — AVe may have fracture of the bones of 
the limbs without displacement, the bone l)eing simply 
cracked across, or partly through, and not moved out 
of its place. In some of those cases there is not much 
lameness. * The horse may even work again in a few 
days, to be followed perhaps by a sudden fall while be- 



70 DISEASES OF 

iiig driven, in eonRcquenee of displacement. A case 
which occured in my own practice will l)e interesting 
here. A horse was kicked in the thigh and the skin 
somewhat bruised and a little swollen. When found in 
the morning, there was scarcely any lameness and in a 
fcAV days he trotted out sound. He was driven two 
days, apparently all right, Avhen the owner concluded 
to send him out to j)asture for two months. About ten 
days after going to pasture he was found in a good 
roomy box stall with a fracture of the thigh bone at 
about the point where the kick had been received. The 
displacement probably took place when the horse at- 
tempted to get up in the stall, and although the kick 
had been received three weeks previously, there was 
no marked sj^mptom of fracture being present. In most 
cases, however, displacement takes place immediately, 
and the liml) can be swung around in unusual direc- 
tions. When moved, a grating sound will be heard, 
and a grating motion felt. The animal will l)e unal)]o 
to bear any weight on the fractured limb. 

Ireatruent. — If the horse is of a nervous temperament 
he had better be destroyed, as it is necessary for the 
limb to have absolute rest to secure union of the frac 
hired bones. If the bones are 2)rotruding through the 
soft structures or through the skin, he had better be 
destroyed. If he is a young, quiet, docile animal, and 
the bone is simply broken in two pieces, the chances of 
recovery are fairly good, and the following rules are to 
be observed : If it is any part of the fore-limb, from the 
elbow to the foot, that is fractured, the bones should be 
lu'ought together in the natural position. A padding 
of oakum should now be placed around the limb. The 
next thing to do is to place two or more thin j^ieces of 



DOMESTIC AMMALS. 



77 



wood, such as lath, in front and behind the Hmb, so 
that there will be no motion allowed. Now apply a 
bandage that has been soaked in starch and plaster of 
paris. Begin to apply the bandage from the bottom of 
the limb and continue it upward until the whole limb 
is well wrapped. There need be no fear of the bandage 
looking clumsy, by having too much bandage material. 
The animal should now be placed in slings as seen in 
figure 27. The splints and bandages should be allowed 




Fig- 



Horaa placed in slings. 



to remain on for six to eight weeks, unless the animal 
seems to have excessive j^ain in the leg, Avith swelling 



78 DISEASES OF 

of the soft parts above the bandages, when suppuration 
under the bandage may be suspected. The bandage 
must now be removed, and if no abscesses or ulcers are 
discovered, it should be immediately reapplied. After 
the fracture has become reunited, there will still be 
some swelling around the bone at that part. This will 
be gradually removed by applying a small quantity of 
Heard's American Embrocation every other day. 



LUMP-JAW IN CATTLE— BIG HEAD- 
ACTINOMYCOSIS. 

This is a disease known to scientists as Actinomycosis 
and is found in man, cattle, and swine. 

Causes. — It is in all cases caused by the growth of v. 
plant fungus that takes for its sustenance, first the soft 
structures of the mouth and then the bone, spreading in 
this manner until, in old cases, a considerable portion 
of the jaw is destroyed. It is asserted by some authors 
that the fungus or its spores are sometimes found on the 
fodder that the cattle feed on. Especially is this true 
of barley and some other cereals. The spores of this 
fungus may be taken into the stomach and intestines, 
and the disease has been found in many of the internal 
organs as well as the jaw. 

Spmptoms. — There will first be noticed a swelling at 
some part of the jaw. This slowly increases in size un- 
til it bursts, leaving an open sore which will not heal 
and prevents the animal from thriving or eating solid 
food. The disease is fatal in all cases that are allowed 
to run their course to the end. 



DOMESTIC A^'IMALS. 



79 



Au interesting subject to the breeder iw as to wbat 
shall be done with the carcass of an animal that has 
been slaughtered while suffering from this disease. 
Shall it be destroyed? or can it be used for food? 
These are important questions, and the common opinion 
of the eminent authors who have written on this disease 
is that all the body, except those parts in immediate 
proximit}^ to the diseased tissues, are eatable. An ani- 
mal affected with this disease should be immediately 
removed from a herd, as it is liable to spread it among 
the other cattle. Fig. 28 show^s a small piece of a cow's 
tongue, magnified 250 times (diameters). The fungus 
is seen at a and b. 




Fig. 28. 



Microscopic section of tongue showing fungus of actinomycosis 
at a and b. 



80 DISEASES OF 

DISEASES OF JOINTS. 
INFLAMMATION OF JOINTS (ARTHRITIS). 

Causes. — This is usually caused by external violence, 
but may be a result of concussion in traveling at a fast 
pace, or may be caused by sprains. We may also have 
a rheumatic inflammation affecting the joints. When 
an animal is the subject of kicks or bruises on the limbs, 
the important point is to note whether the injury is in 
close proximity to a joint or not, because an injury to a 
joint that has considerable motion is always a serious 
affair, and will require more than ordinary care in the 
management. 

Symptoms — If we have inflammation of any of the 
joints of the limbs, there will be lameness, and the de- 
gree of lameness will depend on the severity of the in- 
flammation. There Avill also be swelling and consid- 
erable pain on pressure. If severe, there will be fever 
and loss of api^etite, the frequency of the pulse in- 
creased, and often a tendency to suddenly jerk the limb 
upward, as if suffering great i^ain. 

Treatment. — If the lameness is very great, fomenta- 
tions of hot water should be used, 3 or 4 times a day, 
immediately followed by the application of a small 
quantity of Heard's American Embrocation. If possi- 
ble, apply a hot poultice of linseed meal, to Avhich has 
been added about a tablespoonful of Heard's American 
Embrocation, this to be renewed tAvice a day. The fol- 
lowing pill should be administered : Aloes 5 drams, 
ginger 1 dram and syrup sufficient to give it the 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 81 

proi)er consistency. Perfect rest is absolutely necessary, 
and it will be found beneficial to place the horse in 
sling's, as seen in Fig. 27. If the injury is slight and 
the animal is not very lame, it is still necessary to en- 
join absolute rest, and not to allow any motion until 
recovery is complete. Fomentations of hot water and 
poultices with the application twice a day of Heard's 
American Embrocation will soon effect a cure in light 
cases. 

A case which occured in my own practice will serve 
to illustrate the necessity for rest. A horse fell in the 
street and injured a fore-limb. I saw him two days 
afterward and found him quite stiff and swollen in the 
vicinity of the elbow joint. I ordered fomentations and 
Embrocation, and at the end of five or six days the ani- 
mal trotted out sound. The owner being anxious to 
Avork -the animal — against my protest — took him out 
and worked him two days, and the third morning sent 
for me. I found the horse much lamer than when I 
saw him first. The treatment was repeated, but at the 
end of three days was followed by the soft parts break- 
ing away and leaving an open elbow joint. I immedi- 
ately told the owner the case was hopeless. He then 
sent for a professor, who now presides over a veterinary 
college in New York, who said that the horse could be 
cured if he was removed to his hospital. This was done 
and the result was that at the end of three weeks the 
horse was shot. We may alw^ays be sure that an in- 
flammation of a joint which has much motion, is a very 
serious matter. 



82 DISEASES OF 

OPEN JOINT. 

Causes. — This is usually caused by external violence 
and frequently by sharp, pointed substances penetrat- 
ing the parts covering a joint. It sometimes follows 
an inflammation in a joint where there has been no 
puncture. 

Symptoms — Intense pain ; if in the limbs, there Avill 
be excessive lameness ; temperature raised, apiDetite 
poor, and a discharge of a yellowish semi-oily Huid from 
the wound ; this usually escapes in large quantity. 
The animal frequently jerks the leg \\]), often refusing 
to place the foot to the ground at all. If it is a joint 
of great motion, as the elbow, knee, or fetlock in 
the fore-limb, or the stifle, hock, or fetlock of the 
hind limb, there will be very little hope of cure. The 
only way a cure could result would be by having a bony 
union effected between the two bones forming the joint. 
This would result in a stiff, immovable joint, which 
would leave the horse comparatively useless for work. 
If the pastern joints are the ones affected, a stiff joint 
will not render the animal useless, as they are joints of 
quite limited motion. 

Treatment. — If the joints of great motion are affected, 
the animal had better be destroyed. If the joints of 
limited motion are the ones affected, keep the outside 
wound well ojDcn, and thus allow the full discharge of 
pus and other inflammatory products from the joint. 
The external opening may be kept open by inserting a 
red hot iron. This should be done as often as required. 
While there is any discharge, the outside should be 
kejot open, for it is a rule that all wounds have to heal 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 83 

from the bottom. Hot fomentations and poultices are 
beneficial. The horse should be kept in slings. 



DISLOCATIONS. 



The displacement of bones from their normal position 
in a joint is comparatively^ a rare condition in the horse 
and ox. But in dogs it is a frequent accident. Although 
it is possible to have dislocations of many of the joints 
in horses, there is only one that is common enough to 
require notice in this short work. 

DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA, OR D1S= 
PLACEMENr OF ONE OF THE BONES OF THE 
STIFLE. — This bone is seen at x in the figure of the 
skeleton on page 1, and is the analogue of the knee-pan 
in man. This is very frequently the seat of dislocation, 
the patella becoming displaced by slipping out over the 
prominence on the femur. 

Causes. — The patella is kept in position by three 
ligaments holding it down, one on each side and the 
other in the middle. The eminence on the femur also 
assists to keep it in its proper i)lace. Above, it is held 
in place by some of the muscles on the front of the 
thigh. Now, I am of the opinion that the imder liga- 
ments sometimes become unduly stretched, so that they 
fail to hold the bone down far enough. It may be said 
that they become too long, and the contractions of the 
muscles above will pull the bone from its normal posi- 
tion. At any rate we know that some horses while even 
standing in 'the stall, if made to move, Avill displace the 
patella, and whea made to change position again, the 



84 DISEASES OF 

boue will slip into its place again. It was only last 
summer that I had under treatment a horse that would 
frequently displace first one patella and then the other, 
and if made to change position, they would slip into 
place again. The treatment continued for about three 
months, the dislocations becoming gradually less fre- 
quent. When the horse first came under my treatment 
the accident occurred several times a day. Only on 
one occasion did I have to use force to replace the dis- 
located bone. 

Symptoms. — The horse will be found perfectly stiff 
in the dislocated limb which Avill be dragged along if 
made to walk, it being imj^ossible for the animal to 
bring the limb even with its fellow, until the dislocation 
is reduced. The position of the limb is seen in figure 
29. 




Fig. 29. Position of hind limb with dislocated stifle. 

Treatment — Keduction can frequently be effected by 
simply taking hold of the bone and pushing it inward 
and downward, when it slips into its place. At other 
times it will be necessary to attach a rope to the pas- 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



85 



tern. An attendant standing in front pnlls the liml) 
forward while the operator grasps the patella and 
pushes it inward and downward, using as much force 
as is necessary to accomplish the reduction, as seen in 




Fig. 30. Method of reduciug dislocation of stifle. 



figure 30. It is well to bear in mind that bringing the 
limb forward relaxes the muscles that are attached to 
the upper part of the bone, and the operator will not 
have as much force to overcome as he would if the 
muscles were kept tense by the limb being held back. 
Having reduced the dislocation, the animal can walk as 
well as ever ; if lame it will be only in a slight degree; 
but remember that the ligaments are now stretched, 
and that the bone wall easily slip out of place again. 
Steps should be taken to retain the bone in j^lace and 
cause a shortening of the ligaments. This can be ef- 
fected by placing the horse in a single stall ; tie him 
short enor^h to prevent his lying down ; place a col- 
lar on the neck and attach a rope about 10 to 12 feet 



so DISEASEK OF 

long to a leather strap, buckling the strap arouud the 
pastern of the limb that was dislocated. Now bring 
the rope forward between the fore-legs and tie it 
around the collar. If the limb is a little in advance of 
its fellow, it will prevent another dislocation. Now ap- 
ply Heard's American Embrocation around the stifle, 
rubbing it in w^ell three times a day until a good blis- 
tering effect is produced. Let the horse stay in this 
l^osition for two or three weeks. Although I have 
treated scores of cases by this method, I have never 
known it to fail in effecting a j^erfect cure. 



DOMESTIC! ANIMALS. 



CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 



It is not my intention to describe all the contagious 
diseases to which the domestic animals are liable, as 
that would take up more space than is contained in this 
small volume. I shall therefore only notice two or three 
of the most common and give such advice on manage- 
ment and prevention of the spread of the diseases as 
any stock owner can easily understand and carry out. 
Some of the common contagious diseases that I shall 
omit to describe are spinal-meningitis in the horse, 
i:)leuro-pneumonia in cattle and cholera in hogs. 



INFLUENZA, STRANGLES, DISTEMPER, PINK- 
EYE, EPIZOOTIC, COLT-ILL, HORSE-AIL. 



It is not certain whether all the various forms of dis- 
ease known by the above names are caused by the same 
species of germ or not. Judging from clinical exper- 
ience, it would seem that they are only varying forms 
of one specific disease. It is commonly said that one 
attack of distemper will prevent a second attack; but 
this is certainly erroneous, as I have repeatedly seen 
the same horse suffer from two or three attacks of this 
disease. 

Causes-. — Young horses are much more liable to this 
disease than horses of mature age, although we quite 



88 DISEASES OF 

trequently see it in aged horses. Horses kept in small 
and badly ventilated stables are more liable to the dis- 
ease than those kept in large, well ventilated stables. 
Horses that are hard Avorked, esj)ecially while young, 
will suffer more severely than those that are kept in a 
strong, hard}' condition. Change of food will also act 
as a cause, as when horses are shipped from the farm — 
where they are fed on some kind of soft food — to large 
cities, where they are immediately placed on a diet of 
dry food and usually in much larger quantity than they 
received while in the country. Undue exposure to in- 
clement weather is frequently a cause. It will be no- 
ticed that the various causes above enumerated all act 
by depressing the vitality of the horse, thus making 
him an eas}' prey to disease. 

It is now perfectly well understood that all contagious 
diseases are caused by some living organism gaining 
access to the interior of the body, and there setting up 
a destructive action of some kind. Influenza in horses 
is no excejDtion to this rule, although the particular 
germ which causes it has not been isolated and experi- 
mented with to the extent that it can be easily identified. 
Several observers have described germs which they 
assert to be the cause of influenza in horses, but as yet 
there is no particular germ accepted by all experiment- 
ers as the cause of this disease. The germs, however, 
are certainly the active cause of all forms of ^distemjDer. 

How do the germs cause the disease ? Most likely 
they act in several ways, each setting up a special form 
of the disease. We will first describe the most common 
form, where we have about the following: 

Syni2:)to')ns. — The animal is first noticed to lag more 
than usual at work ; then a loss of apjoetite, or, if a mild 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 89 

cfise, a partial loss of appetite. Often we have cougli ; 
the glands nnder the jaw are often somewhat swollen 
at this time, and the limbs soon begin to swell about 
the fetlocks. If the temperature of the animal be taken, 
it will be found from 2 to 7 degrees above the normal 
(98 J ° Fah.). The pulse will be much quickened. This 
is usually followed in a day or two by a flow of mucus 
from the nostrils, the cough increasing in frequency. 
If properly treated, these symptoms usually begin to 
abate about the fifth day, gradually decreasing until 
the appetite is fully restored and the animal is again fit 
for work. 

"We will now describe a more severe case. To the 
above symptoms may be added a very dull appearance, 
the head straightened out and held down as if asleep, 
great disinclination to move, and often the subject of 
chills after drinking water. This severe form is often 
complicated with pneumonia, the lung trouble being a 
result of the general interference with the action of the 
heart and blood circulation. AYe always have a high 
temperature in this form, often reaching 106° Fah. on 
the second or third day after the attack. If the lungs 
are involved, the breathing will be quickened and the 
animal will rarely lie down. The appetite is totally 
lost, and by placing the finger in the mouth it will be 
usually found hot. In about two days the animal will 
frequently have a rambling gait, especially of the hind 
limbs ; seems to have very little control over the 
muscles of the hind limbs. If the throat is very sore 
and much swollen inside, there will be a considerable 
dribbling of saliva from the mouth, and when the 
patient attempts to drink, the water taken in by the 
mouth will frequently escape through the nostrils. 



90 DISEASES OP 

This is a very severe form, and unless great care is used 
in the management, it will often prove fatal. 

The " Strangles " form is seen where we have, besides 
many of the above-mentioned symptoms, the formation 
of abscesses under the jaw. We sometimes have very 
large swellings develop in this location in a da}^ or two. 
At first they are usually hard and very tender, and here 
we may have a total disinclination for food — at most 
only a little hay — on account of the abscesses interfer- 
ing w4th the muscles used in the act of swallowing. 
The saliva will usually dribble from the mouth quite 
profusely. Sometimes these abscesses are deep enough 
in the throat to prevent breathing with any considerable 
freedom; in fact,in severe cases the obstruction to breath- 
ing causes very great distress, and the loud sound made 
by the air passing through the constricted passage in 
the throat can be heard for a considerable distance, In 
such cases there are frequent sj^asms of coughing, which 
sometimes last for two or three minutes. This form of 
the disease is not nearly so dangerous to life as the form 
last described, but when improperly treated, frequently 
leaves the animal a roarer. This is especially the case 
in race horses. 

One other form of influenza may be considered typi- 
cal, viz., pink-eye. Here the most prominent symptom is 
a swelling of the eyelids and a great tendency to have 
swellings of the limbs, due to an effusion under the skin. 
The eyelids are often seen swollen so large as to be en- 
tirely closed, and the attack seems to come on very sud- 
denly. The general symptoms are much the same as 
those described for the mild form of distemper. We 
have sore throat, high temperature, quick pulse, loss of 
appetite and a rapid loss of strength. 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 91 

I will notice still another form, which, however, is usu- 
ally of a very mild character, a form which every vet- 
erinary surgeon of experience will recognize when I 
mention measles. This form is characterized by erup- 
tions which frequently cover large surfaces of the body; 
in fact, the subjects of this disease are frequently cov- 
ered all over with pimples. There is usually a slight 
rise of temperature, with sore throat, and often a loss 
of aj)petite. I have known horses affected with this form 
to loose all the hair on the body and be completely bare 
until the new coat came out; but this is an unusual oc- 
currence. Except that the course of the disease is usu- 
ally limited to a few days, it is very suggestive of mea- 
sles in man. 

As to grouping all the above described forms of di- 
sease under the general term "Influenza," it is suggest- 
ed by the fact that we often find all the various forms 
exhibited in one large stable during a single outbreak. 
Some horses will be affected with one form, others with 
other forms of the disease at the same time. It is usu- 
ally more prevalent in the spring and fall of the year, 
but an outbreak nmj occur at any time. The great epi- 
demic of 1872 occurred in November and December, and 
spread over the entire country in about five or six weeks, 
in this respect, as in some others, resembling the great 
grip epidemic in man of 1891. 

Treatment. — If the simple form first described be pres- 
ent very little medicinal treatment will be required. 
The most important will be to apply Heakd's American 
Embrocation to the neck, under the throat, and down 
along under the windpipe three times a day, rubbing it 
well in each- time. See that the surface of the body is 
kept warm by sufficient clothing and bandages on the 



92 DISEASES OF 

legs. The nasal cliscliarges should be frequently sponged 
oft* by soaking a sponge in a solution of Boracic Acid — 
two teaspoonfuls in a pint of water. Restrict the diet 
to a small quantity of bran, or grass, if in season. Two 
quarts of bran made into a mash twice a day will be 
quite sufficient. If the animal improves, give it a quart 
of oats three times a day as soon as the fever has dis- 
aj^peared. Absolute rest is required until recovery is 
complete. 

If this simple form runs into the severe second de- 
scribed form, we must take more energetic measures 
about as follows : Place enough clothing on the horse 
to keep him comfortably warm; bandage the legs; keep 
the food away entirel}' for 30 or 48 hours; have water 
constantly in front of the patient; rub the neck with 
Heard's American Embrocation three times a day until 
the skin is roughened, and administer, three times a day 
the following made into a ball : Quinine, one dram, ni- 
trate of potash, six drams, camphor, one dram, with 
sufficient syrup to give it the proper consistency. This 
to be continued daily until the serious symptoms dis- 
aj^pear or abate. Dosing a horse with half an ounce of 
quinine a day would have been thought quite extrava- 
gant some years ago, but with the price at 25 cents an 
ounce, as at present, it is not an exjDcnsive treatment 
and will be found very effective. If this form is com- 
plicated with pneumonia, Ave must treat the same as is 
laid down for that disease on pages 110 and 111. 

Treatment for Strangles Form. — Here the same gen- 
eral treatment as regards clothing and diet is indicated; 
also the administration of the quinine ball as above de- 
scribed. To the enlargements or abscesses under the 
jaw, apply poultices of linseed meal or turnips, to which 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



93 



lias beeii added alxnit a tablesj^oonful of Heard's Ameri- 
can Embrocation, to be changed twice a day. As soon as 
they become soft, the abscesses shoukl be opened by 
puncturing- with a sharp knife, and the linger should 
be inserted into the wound, and all the pus squeezed 
out of it. Now dress the wound by soaking a little pad 
of oakum or a small clean rag with Hea.rd's Healing 
Lotion — which is a perfect antiseptic — and insert it into 
the wound, allowing it to remain there 12 hours. This 
method of dressing should be repeated twice a day 
until the wound becomes so small as to prevent the in- 
sertion of the plug, when the sore is to be simply sat- 
urated with the Lotion to prevent the formation of 
proud flesh. If the breathing is much obstructed anci 
suffocation is threatened, the operation shown in Fig. 81 
must be performed. This is exceedingly simple, and 




Fig. 3L Performing the operatiou of Traoheaotomy at uight. 



94 DISEASES OF 

uo possible injury can be done if the following direc- 
tions are strictly followed out : with a sharp knife make 
a slit through the skin about 4 inches long ; now cut 
and divide the soft structures until the windpipe comes 
into view ; then push the knife through and cut out a 
portion of two of the rings of the windpipe, making a 
circular opening about three-fourths of an inch in diam- 
eter. Place a tube in this opening ; but this is not 
immediately necessary. To prevent suffocation the oper- 
ation can be performed by any one, the opening being 
simply allow^ed to remain without a tube until one can 
be obtained. There are various kinds of tubes sold by 
instrument makers for this purpose, but as it is my in- 
tention to enable the ordinary breeder or stock owner 
to save the life of his stock in cases of emergency, I 
will describe a very simple tube which will answer the 
purpose, and which can be obtained in a few minutes 
at any tinshop. The tube shown in Fig. 32 should be 




J?ig. 32. Simple tube for insertion in trachea. 

about five-eighths of an inch in diameter, the length of 
tube to be about 3 inches. The two rims seen in 
the figure are for the purpose of making a hold to 
attach a piece of tape to tie around the neck. This Avill 
hold the tube in place and prevent it from slipping out 
of the windpipe. After the opening is made, relief wil' 
be instantaneous. The tube should be kept in severa' 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 95 

days. The couditioii of the throat can be easily tested 
by simply placing the hand in front of the tube and 
compelling the horse to breathe through the nostrils 
again. As soon as the animal can breathe in this man- 
ner without showing any obstruction in the throat, the 
tube should be removed and the wound dressed twice 
a day with Heard's Healing Lotion. It will close up in 
a few days. It is sometimes necessary to allow the 
tube to remain in the trachea 2 or 3 weeks before the 
obstruction in the threat is entirely gone. If it gets 
stopped up Avith mucus, clear it out by scraping with a 
knife or piece of wood. Keep it clear. The diet should 
be restricted to about 4 quarts of milk with water in 
Avhich oatmeal has been soaked for an hour or two. If 
the case is very protracted, a nice nutritious drink can 
be made by boiling, for 15 minutes, half a pint of lin- 
seed in a gallon of water, giving it as often as the pa- 
tient will take it. After a day or two a small quantity 
of hay can be given, and a little bran mash will some- 
times be relished. But it is much better to restrict the 
diet to very small proportions. 

The treatment of the next described form, pink-eye, 
Avill have to be varied in only one particular, and that 
relates to the local management of the eye. It is im- 
portant that the inflammation of the eye-lids and sur- 
rounding structures should be reduced as soon as i)0S- 
sible, otherwise we are very likely to have a horse with 
defective sight, and consequently of greatly reduced 
value. To reduce this inflammation there should be 
inserted, with a syringe, about a teasj^oonful of 
Heard's Lotion for moon-eye, to be repeated 3 times a 
day. There is a great tendency in some horses to rub 
the lids against the side or front of the stall. Prevent 



96 DISEASES OF 

this by turniug the horse around in the stall, and tying 
him to two posts so that he cannot get a chance to rul:> 
the eyes. This is a very important part of the treat- 
ment. The diet, clothing and medicinal part of the 
treatment must be similar to that described for the 
treatment of the severe or second form of influenza. If 
there is any whiteness on any part of the front of the 
eye, the apj)lication of Heard's Eye Lotion should be 
continued until it has all disappeared. 

In the treatment of the measles form a half dram of 
calomel should be added to the ball before described, the 
diet similarly restricted, with the application of a wash 
to the eruptions made by mixing one-fourth Heard's 
Healing Lotion and three-fourths water. The nostrils 
should be kept as clean as possible by frequently wip- 
ing off the mucus with a wet sponge or cloth. The legs 
will frequently remain swollen for some time, but w^ith 
exercise, after recovery, this will gradually disappear. 

TUBERCULOSIS. 

This is an infectious disease common to many species 
of animals. Man is especially liable to it, in whom it is 
the disease known as consumption. Cows, hogs, and 
poultry are frequently the subjects of it. It is extreme- 
ly rare in horses and dogs. Perhaps there is no dis- 
ease which has attracted so much attention in the last 
decade as tuberculosis, yet we have not discovered any 
method by which it can be detected in all cases. On 
account of the difficulty of making a diagnosis, even by 
experts, I shall not attempt a detailed article on this 
disease, but simply refer to a few general facts relating 
to it that should be known l)y all owners of cattle. It 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 97 

is asserted by very competent observers that about 5 
per cent, of the cattle in this country are affected with 
this disease. It is usually propagated by the germs be- 
ing inhaled into the lungs with the air. It is also pro- 
l^agated by the germs being taken into the stomach 
with the food or water. In stables where a large num- 
ber of cattle are kept it is very liable to spread if there 
is an infected cow in the herd. It is not nearly so fatal 
in cattle as in man. It is only when a considerable sur- 
face of the lungs or some other oi-gan becomes invol- 
ved that disease will be suspected. In the first stages 
of the disease not even an expert could detect it unless 
he should by chance find the germs in the discharge 
from the nostrils, that is, if there is such a discharge. 
The disease sometimes attacks the udder and teats of 
cows. The germs are then frequently found in the milk it- 
self, rendering the latter dangerous to the health of 
calves or human beings that partake of it. The disease 
also occasionally attacks the joints of cows, causing 
them to ulcerate. The cow becomes emaciated and 
either dies or has to be killed. When the lungs become 
badly affected there will be a cough and often a dis- 
charge from the nostrils. If several cows should show 
these symptoms, tuberculosis will very probably be pre- 
sent, and an expert should be immediately called in to 
discover, if possible, how far the disease has progressed 
in the herd. 

TETANUS— LOCK-JAW. 

This disease usually follows wounds, especially punc- 
tured wounds, and more especially the wound called, 
7 



98 



DISEASES OF 



" punctured foot," caused usually by "picking up nails." 
It is also caused by a germ. The reason that it so often 
follows punctured wounds is that the entrance of 
air into such wounds is prevented by the walls of the 
wound immediately closing. Investigations have re- 
cently discovered that the germ that causes lock-jaw 
cannot grow and propagate if exposed to the air ; but 
if plante I in suitable material and air be excluded, it 
thrives and is propagated with rapidit3\ This germ, 
when growing, generates an intensely active poisonous 
substance, having much the same properties as strych-- 
nine. This poison is absorbed into the system, and, 
acting on the central nervous system, causes the pecu- 




. Appearance of horse eufifering from Lockjaw 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 99 

liar muscular contractions seen in lock-jaw. There is 
not the least doubt that this is the true cause, as recent 
experimentors have frequently cultivated the germs 
out of the body and filtered them so as to separate them 
from the poison, and then injected the poison into ani- 
mals and produced true lock-jaw. 

Symptoms~Th.Q first thing noticed usually is that the 
animal moves rather stiffly ; this is soon followed by an 
inability to take food, although the attempt to eat is 
frequently made. The head is now straightened out, 
and the animal will present the appearance as seen in 
figure 33. If an attempt is made to turn the patient 
around, it will be found that it is unable to bend the 
body. The muscles will be very hard to the touch. 
On account of the spasm of the muscles of the throat, 
the saliva will dribble from the mouth in large quanti- 
ties. 

Treatimnt—Ulm principles of treatment that are here 
indicated are to attempt to stop the growth of the 
germs, and consequently the formation of the poison, 
by allowing free access of air to all parts of the Avound ; 
and to drive the poison out of the body ; also, if there 
is much excitement, to give something to keep the ani- 
mal quiet. First, then, the wound should be opened so 
that every part of it is fully exposed to the air. 

Second, give the following draught as soon as possible : 
barbadoes aloes, 11 ounce, powdered, and well mixed 
with a pint of warm water. 

With this may be given a pint of linseed oil. It is 
frequently very difficult to administer medicine in any 
form by the mouth. I have occasionally caused purg- 
ing by injecting a fluid solution of aloes into the rec- 
tum. The animal should be given no food for at least 



100 DISEASES OF 

two days, and must be kept in a quiet, dark stall. 
Allow the patient as much water as it will take. Dress 
the wound twice a day with Heard's Healing Lotion, 
and if the patient seems to suffer much pain, adminis- 
ter a bottle of Heard's Magic Mixture. If the animal 
inproves, give it soft food, oat-meal drinks, grass if in 
season and linseed-tea. I have had success in a num- 
ber of cases of this fatal disease by the above men- 
tioned treatment. 

GLANDERS— FARCY. 

This is one of the most dang-erous and fatal diseases 
to which the horse is liable. 

Causes. — An animal that has suffered from any de- 
bilitating disease,such, as for example, distemper, is more 
liable to contract the disease than* one in perfect health. 
Abrasions or sores on the gums or lips will afford easy 
access to the germs. In a large number of cases this 
disease is taken at a public watering trough; sometimes 
in blacksmith shops, sometimes in livery stables, where 
strange horses are frequently put up for a short time 
to feed, etc. In every case we may be certain that it is 
taken from a pre-existing case of glanders, although 
the animal from which the disease is taken may not 
have been in contact with the inoculated animal at all, 
nor in fact been at the place of infection for months. It 
has been asserted that the germs of glanders will live 
for many months when deposited on boards or other 
materials which enter into the composition of stables. 
The germs may be mixed with mucus and be deposited 
on the boards in front of a stall; another animal rub- 
bing its lips on the boards is liable to take the disease. 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 101 

The growth of the germs of glanders is very slow when 
compared with many others, but they are extremely tena- 
cious of life. 

Symptoyns — The germs having gained access to the 
body, they usually cause small tubercles to be formed 
in the lungs and air-passages. 

When these tubercles break down there will be a dis- 
charge of pus and mucus from the nostrils. The first 
thing noticed usually is that there is a slight discharge 
from one nostril with a swelling under the lower jaw- 
about the size of a walnut, rather loosely connected, 
and not very tender to the touch. This may continue 
about the same size for a long time, and as there are no 
constitutional symptoms, no dangerous disease is sus- 
pected. These are the really dangerous cases and the 
ones from which nine-tenths of the cases are i3ropa- 
gated. The owner will usually say the horse has had 
distemper and hasn't got rid of it yet : that he eats all 
right and works well, in fact that there is virtually 
nothing the matter with his horse. I have known 
horses to keep fat and work well for a year or two with 
glanders in this mild and evidently local form. Always 
beware of a horse that has a movable swelling under 
the jaw and a discharge from the nostril on the corres- 
ponding side. After a while the disease assumes a 
more severe form ; there is a discharge from both nos- 
trils ; the horse gets thin, cannot work with comfort 
any more, and we will be liable to notice ulcers on the 
mucus membrane of the nostrils which makes the 
diagnosis certain. Swellings may now appear on the 
surface of the body, which soon break and discharge 
pus and the resulting sores refuse to heal. In a short 
time the animal will die. 



102 DISEASES OF 

At other times this disease will appear as farcy, a 
disease that is caused by the same germ, and in fact 
may have been taken from one of the above described 
cases. Farcy selects the skin for attack instead of the 
air-passages. It is indicated by little swellings on the 
skin, usually of the limbs. These soon break and dis- 
charge pus freely, and do not heal when treated as ordi- 
nary wounds. In a day or two the limbs are seen to 
swell considerably, and after two or three weeks they 
are a mass of sores. 

Prevention. — It has usually been considered that all 
cases were fatal, but there are two or three facts that 
indicate an occasional recovery from a local infection. 
First, it is known that a glanderous ulcer in the nostril 
has healed. Second, there are a few pretty well authenti- 
cated cases of recovery from mild local attacks. Third,' 
one of the most celebrated cases of recovery from gland- 
ers in man is that of Doctor Paquin, who was for a long 
time state veterinarian in one of the western states 
( Illinois, I think ). Recovery, however, is exceedingly 
rare, and on account of the ease with which man is in- 
oculated with this disease, all animals suffering from it 
should be immediately destroyed; in fact, nearly all of 
the states have laws to this effect. All susjjected cases 
should be immediately isolated in a small pen or shed. 
I have known a single glandered horse to infect a herd 
of 40 when turned out to pasture. Therefore on no ac- 
count should a horse that is even suspected to have 
glanders be turned out to pasture with other horses. 
And remember that the most dangerous case is the ani- 
mal that is sujDposed to have very little the matter with 
it. All stables where horses with glanders have been 
kept should be thoroughly disinfected by washing all 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 103 

materials with which the horse may have been in con- 
tact with the following solution : corrosive sublimate, 
one ounce, dissolved in two gallons of water; everything 
to be washed with it twice a week for two weeks. 



DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 
SORE THROAT. 

It is a very common thing for horses to have an 
inflammation of some part of the throat. This part may 
])e the tonsils, the palate or the larynx. 

Causes. — Anything which predisposes an animal to 
take cold, as a debilitated state of the constitution, 
standing in drafts when perspiring, etc., are the most 
frequent causes of this trouble. 

Sytniytoms. — There will often be slight fever in the 
first stages of this disease, with the pulse somewhat 
quickened. If the palate and tonsils are involved, there 
will be a great disinclination to take food, and if the 
mouth is opened it will be frequently found filled with 
saliva and mucus, which will dribble from it. Most 
horses suffering from this disorder will only take small 
quantities of water and often none at all for a day or 
two. Unless there is much swelling in the larynx, the 
breathing will be about normal. We may not have any 
cough, but if, by squeezing the upper part of the wind- 
pipe, a cough is forced, it will be very soft, as if the 
animal was afraid of hurting the already tender throat. 
In fact, the cough of sore throat is entirely character- 
istic. The horse sometimes holds the head somewhat 
straightened out. When the walls of the pharynx are 



104 DISEASES OF 

much swollen, if allowed to drink, the water will escape 
by the nostrils as shown in Fig-. 34. 




Fig. 34.- Representation of horse with sore throat and water escaping by the 
nostrils while drinking. 

Treatment. — Perfect rest ; keep the animal warm 
with plenty of surface clothing and bandages on the 
legs, and rub Heard's American Embrocation on the throat 
3 times a day. Place on the tongue with a spoon or 
flat piece of wood about a tablespoonful of the follow- 
ing paste : syrup, one-half pint ; chlorate of potash, 2 
oz. ; quinine, 2 drams ; oil of tar, 2 drams ; licorice 
powder, 1 oz. ; mix well. Give this 4 times a day. If 
there is no other complication, this is not a dangerous 
disease, but when badly treated the membranes of the 
throat are sometimes permanently thickened, which is 
occasionally the cause of roaring. The animal should 
he allowed to properly recover from the disease before 
being worked. When the appetite returns give Heard's 
Quinine Condition Powders 3 times a day as a tonic. 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 105 

This will be found to j^roduce the best possible condi- 
tion in a very short space of time. 



ROARING. 

This is a disease in which there is a loud sound pro- 
duced by the air passing through a restricted tube dur- 
ing resx^iration, while the animal is undergoing great 
exertion. The constriction in the air j^assage is in the 
larynx, and in nearly all cases is due to a paralysis of 
the muscles on one side of the throat, which allows the 
muscles on the other side to draw the cartilages toward 
that side, and thus obstruct the passage of air through 
the windpij)e. If the constriction is due to a thicken- 
ing of the membranes of the throat, following a sore 
throat, there is good ground to hope for a recovery, 
and I have known many such cases ; but when it is due 
to a paralysis of the muscles of one side of the throat, 
the case is a hopeless one, or at any rate is only curable by 
an operation, and then the chances are rather against a 
perfect cure. If the roaring follows a severe sore throat, 
it is always j)rudent to attemj^t a cure, and nothing will 
be so successful in bringing about that event as the 
administration of Heard's Quinine Condition Powders 
and the application 3 times a day of Heard's American 
Embrocation, to be continued until the neck is slightly 
blistered. The animal to have gentle work. 



106 DISEASES OF 



BRONCHITIS AND PNEUMONIA— LUNG FEVER 
—INFLAMMATION OF LUNGS. 

Although for the jDrofessional veterinarian these two 
diseases shouhl be studied apart and their individuality 
be kept distinct, the ordinary, every-day stock owner 
would be simj^ly baffled should an attempt be made to 
distinguish them in a book of this description. For the 
convenience of the stockman I shall therefore consider 
them as one. 

Bronchitis is an inflammation of the air tubes that 
ramify all through the lungs. Pneumonia is an inflam- 
mation of the structures of the lunsfs that lie outside of 
the bronchial tubes. But the two diseases very fre- 
quently exist together, and we find in most cases that 
the tubes and other structures of the lungs are all 
considerably involved in the diseased process. 

Causes. — The most common is exposure to cold damp 
weather or drafts, especially when a long coat is satu- 
rated with perspiration. Consequently in the fall before 
horses are clipped, these diseases are always more or less 
common. It is sometimes caused by small, thread-like 
worms (filaria) in the windpijoe or trachea. Calves and 
lambs are particularly subject to the disease from this 
cause in some localities. I have seen many cases of 
bronchitis follow careless drenchings (giving liquid med- 
icines). 

Symptoms. — Usually the first thing noticed is that 
the animal seems disinclined to move around freely or 
it may seem to lag in its work. The attendant will no- 
tice that it does not look as well as usual. After being 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 107 

allowed to staf' qiiiet for half an hour in the stable, an 
examination should be made about as follows : 

First — The number of respirations in the minute 
should be counted; if normal, they will probably num- 
ber between 12 and 16 a minute. If the number is 
greatei' than IG the lungs are probably diseased. 

Second — By placing the ear to the chest behind the 
elbow, the heart will be heard beating against it. The 
beats should be counted; if normal, we shall find between 
35 and 42 beats a minute. I will here mention that in some 
horses, especially if they are at all nervous, the heart 
beats will be much quickened when the ear is first 
placed to the chest, therefore the count should be made 
about two minutes after applying the ear to it. If the 
pulse numbers more than 42 to the minute, there will be 
some fever. The rise in temperature will be indicated 
pretty correctly by the pulse; and the experienced ex- 
aminer can usually guess the temperature pretty accu- 
rately by noting the quality and numl)er of the pulse 
or heart beats. 

Third — Every stock owner should be supplied with 
a clinical thermometer for taking the temperature of 
animals that may be sick, and as they can be obtained 
for about $1.25, the price is no object when compared 
to the advantages to be derived from its use. Many a 
severe attack of disease would be cut in the bud if the 
owner of the animal could detect its beginning. A 
stock owner would soon learn the value of such an 
accurate aid as the clinical thermometer. If the tem- 
perature of the horse is above 102 degrees, Fah., there 
is disturbance enough in the system to make it obliga- 
tory on the owner to take some steps either to stop its 
further rise or to diminish it. It should be remembered 



108 DISEASES OF 

that exercise will always increase tlie number of respir- 
ations and pulse beats, and also the temperature, 
so that this examination should be made at least a half 
an hour or an hour after exercise or work. The tem- 
X)erature should be taken as follows : First shake the 
mercury toward the bulb until it falls below 98J de- 
grees ; then insert the thermometer in the rectum, 
bulb end first, till it is within a half-inch of the end, 
which must be held between the finger and thumb. 
Allow it to remain in the rectum 4 minutes and then 
withdraw it. By noting the height of the mercury from 
the bulb the number of degrees of temperature will be 
accurately shown. 

If the horse is suffering from bronchitis, there will 
frequently be a cough from the first. But this is not 
so noticeable in pneumonia without bronchitis. If 
bronchitis predominates, it will be discovered by plac- 
ing the ear in front of the chest just below the bottom 
of the windpipe, and hearing a sound such as would be 
produced by air passing tliL-ough a flaid-like material. 
This is a sure symptom of bronchitis. If pneumonia of 
one lung only is present, it may be distinguished by 
placing the ear over the two sides of the chest and 
listening to the sounds ; there will be a difference be- 
tween the sound on the diseased side and the normal 
side. I shall forego an explanation of this difference, 
as this work is written for the average stock owner and 
not for the veterinarian. The importance of the dis- 
covery that the two lungs do not give the same sound 
is very great— it determines the fact that one or the 
other lung is diseased. I would only be causing the 
stock owner more difficulty in arriving at a correct con- 
clusion, by complicating the description with matter 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 109 

that would take np at least seven or eight pages of this 
book if I were writing for the purpose of educating 
veterinarians in the art of the discovery of pneumonia 
in all or a small part of a lung. The ears of the animal 
will usually be cold, but in some cases they are warmer 
than usual. The api)etite usually fails shortly after the 
begining of the disease ; but some horses will eat con- 
siderable quantities of food, especially hay, until a few 
hours before death ; and here lies the danger in these 
cases, The stockman will not suspect a serious and 
probably fatal disease to be present while the animal is 
eating almost a normal amount of food. It cannot be too 
strongly imjiressed upon the minds of stockmen that the 
appetite is often fairly good even in cases of bronchitis 
and pneumonia. In bronchitis we often have a discharge 
of mucus from both nostrils, which becomes very pro- 
fuse as the disease advances. In pneumonia we some- 
times have a discharge, but here it has a pinkish ajy- 
pearance ; if the disease is severe it may somewhat 
resemble blood. This is the so-called pneumonia exu- 
date. There is only very slight pain in either bronchitis 
or pneumonia ; in fact, almost none at all, except when 
pleurisy is present with the pneumonia ; then the ani- 
mal will usually grunt when made to turn around, and 
will sometimes be heard to do so when standing in the 
stall. A horse affected with these diseases will rarely 
lie down, and when a horse that is in the habit of lying 
down every night, is discovered to have remained 
standing all night, he should be carefully watched to 
see if it is repeated on the following night. This does 
not apply to horses that rarely or never lay down at 
night. 

Treatment. — If discovered in time and remedial 



110 DISEASES OF 

measures are aj)plied immediately, bronchitis and pneu- 
monia are rarely fatal ; in fact, taking mild and severe 
cases together, I don't think the losses from these dis- 
eases in my practice will average more than 10 per cent. 
Of course if the animal is continued at work after the 
advent of the disease, the chances of recovery will be 
diminished. Rest should be ordered immediately, 
blankets should be put on to keej} the surface of the 
body warm, bandages to the legs and a hood over the 
neck and head. Allow no food to be given for at least 
24 hours, and then only one quart of bran mixed with 
a gallon of water. Allow the patient as much water as 
it will take. Give injections of warm water and soap 
twice a day, throwing about two quarts of water into 
the rectum at each injection. Allow good ventilation 
through the stable night and day; don't allow your stable 
to have a suffocating odor when you enter at night 
a few hours after all the horses are in and the doors 
closed. Administer a tablespoonful of the following 
paste four times a day : syrup, one-half pint ; quinine, 
1 oz. ; extract belladonna, one-half ounce ; to be well 
mixed and placed on the tongue with a spoon or a flat 
piece of wood. This treatment to be continued until 
an improvement takes i^lace, when the paste may be 
given twice a day. Rub the sides of the chest and un- 
der the windpipe 4 times a day with Heard's American 
Embrocation, as it "ives instant relief to the tired mus- 
cles that are used in breathing, and gives them exactly 
the stimulation they require. After a day or two the 
patient should be given an oatmeal drink — made by 
soaking 2 lbs. of oatmeal in a pail of water for a couple 
of hours, the meal to be well rubbed up between the 
hands to squeeze out the most nutritious part of it. K 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. Ill 

the animal refuses to eat for 3 or 4 days, and the debil- 
ity becomes pronounced, so that the horse sways from 
side to side when led out of the stall — a frequent thing 
in such cases — give about 4 quarts of milk a day until 
the appetite returns. Some patients will drink milk 
very readily, while others will steadily refuse it, and 
must be made to take it by being drenched with it out 
of a bottle or joreferably a horn. A half a pint of whis- 
key, mixed with a pint of linseed tea and given 3 times 
a day by drenching, is often followed by an immediate 
change for the better. Keep this up while the intense 
debility lasts. As soon as the temperature of the pa- 
tient is materially reduced, give a pint or two of oats 
twice or three times a day, allowing only a pound or 
two of hay a day while the temperature is high. If 
grass is in season, the patient should get from 2 to 6 
pounds a day until the temperature is nearly normal. 
As soon as the apj^etite has been fairly well established, 
give Heard's Condition Powders as per directions on the 
can. It will be found that the strength will be very 
rapidly re-established. By carrying out the treatment 
here described, many animals that would die from this 
disease will make a good recovery. On no account 
must the animal be put to work before a complete re- 
covery is established, and then the labor should be very 
li":ht for some time. 



PLEURISY. 

Causes. — Same as mentioned for bronchitis and pneu- 
monia. 

Symptoms — Mostly the same symptoms as described 



112 DISEASES OF 

for iDneumonia, except that there is rarely any cough ; 
considerable pain, with frequent grunting, especially 
when the patient is made to turn. This is a much more 
dangerous disease because of the tendency to rapidly fill 
the chest with fluid, besides which it is frequently com- 
plicated with pneumonia. In fact, the inflammation of 
the i)leura, if not checked, will very soon extend to the 
lung itself. 

Treatment. — Pursue the same general principles of 
treatment laid down for bronchitis and pneumonia, 
with this variation : Drench with 4 oz. of linseed oil 
twice a day for two days. Apply a blister prepared by 
mixing one-quarter of a pound of mustard and one- 
third of a bottle of Heakd's American Embrocation to the 
sides of the chest, immediately behind the elbow. This 
should be well rubbed in for 5 minutes each side, and 
covered by a layer of paper. Don't omit the injections 
of warm water and soap. The diet should be regulated 
as directed for pneumonia ; also clothing, ventilation, 
and after treatment. 

BROKEN WIND— HEAVES. 

This should not be confounded with the disease of the 
throat in which a loud noise is heard when the animal 
is forced to great exertion and known as "roaring." 

In broken wind the abdominal muscles will be seen 
to heave strongly at the flanks when the animal is put 
to any considerable exertion. There is also a peculiar 
cough, which is quite distinctive, and this is often ac- 
companied by an escape of flatus from the anus. There 
is nearly always a disordered condition of the digestive 
system, with an extraordinary appetite. As this is an 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 113 

incurable disease, the treatment can only be palliative. 
The most important point is to attend strictly to the 
diet. Give only small quantities of hay, not more than 
6 lbs. a day, in two portions, for an ordinary horse. The 
administration of Dr. Heaed's Condition Powders will 
cause a great improvement in the breathing, and if 
given steadily, many wind-broken horses will scarcely 
show the effects of the disease, when put to ordinary 
work. Its effect is also to greatly diminish the ten- 
dency to cough. 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 
CHOKING. 



It is quite common for the veterinarian to be called 
to see both horses and cows suffering from this accident. 

Causes. — A constriction in the gullet is sometimes 
the cause of an obstruction to the passage of food into 
the stomach. Cows are often choked by having an ear 
of corn impacted in the gullet. Other obstructive agents 
are potatoes, turnips, beets, carrots, and sometimes hay; 
and I have seen several cases in horses that were caused 
by the impaction of oats and even grass. 

/Symptoms. — In the horse there is a very profuse flow 
of saliva and mucus from the mouth and nostrils; spasms 
of the muscles of the neck will occur every two or three 
minutes; the head will be drawn back, the neck arched 
and the animal will show great uneasiness as seen in 
8 



114 



DISEASES OF 



Fig. 35. A swelling will often be noticed on the left side 
of the neck in the grove, above the windpipe. The horse 
will often cry out with the pain when the spasms come 
on. 




Fig. 35. Horse choked by an obstruction in the gullet. 



Treat)nent. — If the choking is in that i^art cf the gul- 
let forward of the chest, and the swelling caused by the 
obstruction can be seen and felt, an attempt must be 
made to dislodge it by moving it up and down with the 
hand, using great pressure if necessary. If this does 
not succeed, half a pint of linseed oil should be given 
as a drench. This lubricates the walls of the gullet and 
aids the passage of the obstruction. If after working 
in this manner for an hour or so the obstruction still re- 
mains, an attempt mnst be made to force it along by 
mechanical means. The instrument known as a pro- 
bang is used by veterinarians, but as the average stock- 
man would not be able to obtain its use readily and as 
in many cases time is precious, an instrument must be 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 115 

improvised. A stiff new rope, about tliree fourths of an 
inch in diameter will usually answer the purpose. Open 
the mouth and give the tongue to an assistant to hold, 
while the operator pushes the rojDe back over the tongue 
and through the pharynx to the gullet Push it along 
until it reaches the obstruction; then turn it around by 
a rotary motion, good pressure being exerted at the 
same time. In this way the obstruction will usually be 
passed along the gullet and into the stomach. With- 
draw the rox^e. There is no danger in this operation. 
Immediately after the obstruction is removed, the mus- 
cular spasms will cease, the animal will appear to be 
easy, and the pain have disappeared. The horse should 
now be fed on soft, sloppy food for about 24 hours to 
prevent a recurrence of the trouble. 

5TOMACH STAGGERS, SLEEPY STAGGERS, OR 
GORGED STOMACH. 

Causes. — Over feeding is the main cause — often the 
result of a horse being loose at night, gaining access to 
the grain bin, and gorging itself with food. 

Symploms. — As a result of decomposition or chemi- 
cal change of the food in cases of this disease, there 
seems to be formed a product which has a very strong 
toxic effect on the nervous system. The animal will 
probably be found standing in the stall with the head 
drooping or perhaps with the forehead pushed up close 
to the wall in front of the stall. When asked to move 
in the usual way, it takes no notice of the request. If 
made to move over in the stall by i^ushing, it will prob- 
ably stagger, and almost fall down. If you take it by 
the halter and push it back a stej) or two, it is likely to 



116 



DISEASES OF 



push forward again as soon as allowed freedom of the 
head. This condition is well represented in Fig. 36. 




Fig. 36. Horse suffering from stomach staggers. 

Horses remain in this condition for days at a time, but 
by appropriate treatment gradually regain their nor- 
mal powers of motion. They sometimes get worse, de- 
lerium comes on, and they know nothing that is going 
on around them. They may become furiously mad or 
utterly paralyzed and helpless, which increases until 
death. 

Treatment. — No time should be lost in getting the 
following medicines into the patient : one ounce of bar- 
badoes aloes, powdered, and mixed with a quart of lin- 
seed oil, to be given as a drench. Injections of soap and 
warm water to be given every three hours. One oz. of 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 117 

bicarbonate of soda, disolved in a pint of water, to be 
given every four hours. If the bowels have not moved 
briskly in 36 hours, give a pint of linseed oil, and re- 
peat every 12 hours until they do so move. Give no 
food, but allow as much water as the animal will take. 

FLATULENT OR WIND COLIC. 

Causes. — In these cases we have great distention of 
some of the abdominal viscera by gases that are formed 
as a product of the decomposition of food. It may fol- 
low a hearty meal of grass, or even an ordinary feed of 
oats. 

Symptoms. — The animal usually shows the first 
symptom of uneasiness by pawing; soon an attemj)t is 
made to lie down; the belly soon begins to enlarge; 
there is swelling at the flanks; perspiration becomes pro- 
fuse; breathing becomes somewhat labored and difficult; 
eructation of gases often takes place, when the stomach 
is the seat of the disease, and food is often ejected from 
the stomach through the mouth and nostrils in consider- 
able quantities. I know that most authorities have as- 
serted the impossibility of the latter proceeding, but I 
have witnessed it in many cases, and in which recovery 
subsequently took place. The distention is sometimes 
so great that the animal in tumbling around ruptures 
the stomach or perhaps an intestine. This allows 
the escape of the contents of the viscera, and is sure to 
end in death. 

Treatm,ent. — When first noticed give a bottle of 
Heard's Magio Colic Mixture, and begin to give the 
soaj) and warm water injections every hour. Now ap- 
ply some of Heard's American Embrocation to the skin 



118 



DISEASES OF 



I 



under the alpdomen, rubbing it well in. This often 
starts an immediate action of the 
bowels. If not relieved in an hour 
and a half, give another bottle of 
the Magic Mixture, and apply the 
Embrocation as before. If at the end 
of another hour the gases are not 
freely escaping from the rectum, the 
operation of tapping should be per- 
? formed as follows : with a trochar, 

g seen in Figure 37, make a puncture 

5 as seen in Figure 38, as deep as the 





Fig. 38e Place to puncture in flatulent colic. 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS, 119 

length of the trochar will allow. On withdrawing the 
trochar the gases will usually escape until the distention 
nearly or quite disappears. The animal immediatelj" 
becomes easy, and will frequently remain so. If you do 
not succeed in striking the gases at A in the above 
figure, a puncture should be made at B, in the floor of 
the abdomen. I have never seen any bad result from 
this operation, excej)t the occasional formation of an 
abscess on the side, which is easily cured. Give the pa- 
tient no food for 24 hours, and then very sparingly. 
Allow plenty of water to drink. 

SPASMODIC COLIC. 

Causes. — This form of colic is produced by spasm of 
a iDortion of the intestine. It is frequently caused b}^ 
the animal taking too large a quantity of indigestible 
food, as the straw used for bedding, &c., or a large 
quantity of cold water when in a heated condition; also 
by exj)osure to cold rains, over-driving for long distan- 
ces, etc. 

Symptoms. — A notable fact is that the pains come 
and go at short intervals. The intermissions will vary in 
all cases, sometimes being only a minute or two ; at 
other times the animal may enjoy a rest of at least 15 
minutes, when the pains will suddenly come again. 
The pain is rarely continuous in the early stage of the 
disease. The presence of pain is shown by the animal 
pawing, lying down, and in some cases kicking around 
violently, rolling over, etc. There is great uneasiness 
generally. As the disease progresses the intermissions 
between .the pains become shorter and shorter until 
pain becomes continuous. The animal often makes fre- 



120 DISEASES OF 

quent attempts to pass the urine, without passing much 
at any one time; from this fact the owner is usually con- 
vinced that it is suffering from disease of the kidneys, 
or bladder ; but although I have made examinations of 
the bladder in hundreds of such cases, I have never 
found it distended with urine in but one case, and in 
that case I drew off the water by the catheter. The 
animal continued to suffer j)ain for some time after, thus 
showing that the bladder distention was not the cause 
of the pains. In fact, about the only disease of the 
urinary organs that would cause such severe pains 
would be stone in the bladder, which is a very rare oc- 
currence. 

Treatment. — As soon as an animal is taken with this 
disease, give a bottle of Dr. Hsard's Magic Colic Mix- 
ture, and the effect will really seem to be magical, for 
in many instances the pains cease in a few seconds and 
the animal becomes quiet. If the disease is allowed to 
progress for some time before the mixture is given, the 
medicine is not absorbed so readily, and the effect is 
not so sudden and well marked. Because the animal 
has become quiet, it is not always safe to treat it as if 
there had been nothing ailing it; but injections of warm 
water and soap should be given every hour until the 
bowels move freely. Allow a moderate quantity of 
water to drink, but no food for 12 hours, and then only 
a small quantity. If the j)ains return, or if they do not 
cease within an hour or so, give another bottle of the 
Magic Mixture, and apply very hot fomentations to the 
abdomen for 15 minutes, after which rub in a couple of 
tablespoonfuls of Dr. Heard's American Embrocation to 
prevent the animal being chilled. This will cure all 
cases of ordinary colic. When it fails, if you will take 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 121 

the trouble to make a post-mortem examination, you will 
most likely find one of the following conditions; Gut-tie, 
intussusception ( the doubling of a portion of an intes- 
tine within another portion), twisted intestine, rupture of 
the intestine, or mechanical stoppage in the bowels from 
some cause. In all these accidents the pain resulting 
will be continuous. If the bowels do not act fairly well 
within 36 hours after an attack of colic, the patient 
should 1)6 given a pint of linseed oil, which may be re- 
j)eated every 12 hours until the bowels move freely. 
When recovery occurs it will be noticed that the attacks 
of pain become less and less frequent until they cease 
altogether. 

DIARRHEA— SCOURS. 

Causes. — The causes of this disease are frequently of 
a constitutional nature, but it may also be caused by 
feeding too much green and tender grass, new hay or 
oats, musty hay, in which there is a large amount of the 
various forms of fungi. Hard driving will often cause 
it. But whatever the cause, the looseness of the bowels 
will be due to an abnormal irritation of the intestinal 
canal. 

/Si/mptoms. — The animal will show an unnatural loose- 
ness of the bowels, which if continued for any length of 
time will cause it to feel weary, and to lag in the har- 
ness. It will often refuse to take its food after a drive; 
perhaps it will take a chill after being allowed a drink 
of water. Horses subject to this disease rarely carry 
much flesh, although they will frequently stand con- 
siderable hai'd work. Symptoms of colicky pains will 
sometimes be noticed after a hard drive. If driven 



122 DISEASES OF 

long distances iu veiy warm weather, they are liable 
to become exhausted and die in a short time. I can 
call to mind several such cases. 

Treatment. — Try to prevent the occurrence of this 
condition by changing the diet, and if no improvement 
is noticed mix a teaspoonful of bicarbonate of soda with 
the food in the morning. This will counteract the tend- 
ency to acidity in the intestinal canal. I have cured 
many bad cases of chronic diarrhea in horses by this 
simple treatment. In some cases however, very little 
improvement is noticed. Give a drink of a half a pail 
of water, in which has been mixed a handful of starch. 
If symptoms of colicky pains are present, give a bottle of 
Dr. Heard's Magic Colic Mixture, and allow the horse to 
rest a day or two. There are cases in which Dr. Heard's 
Condition Powders will effect a cure, but I cannot re- 
commend it as a universal remedy for this disease. 

DISEASES OF THE LIVER, 

Serious disease of this organ is very rare in horses, al- 
though temi3orary derangement of function is often pres- 
ent as a result of disease of other organs, or in attacks 
of influenza, and from over-feeding with no exercise. 

Symptoms. — When the liver cells fail to perform their 
function, the mucus membranes of the eye-lids and nos- 
trils will show a yellowish tinge, the bowels are con- 
stipated, and if long continued, the appetite begins to 
fail. 

TrecCiment. — Give the animal some exercise if the de- 
rangement is due to want of work and over-feeding. 
Cut down the allowance of food a half, and give Dr. 
Heard's Condition Powders three times a day as directed 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 123 

on the printed label. This will stimulate the action of 
the liver-cells, and cause the bile to flow more freely. 



DISEASE OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 

Here again it is rare to find horses affected with dis- 
ease of those organs. A few years ago I was much in- 
terested in the special study of kidney diseases, and I 
embraced the opportunity of making examinations of 
the kidneys of all the worn out horses that were killed 
to be used as food by the animals in the Central Park 
menagerie. Although I made over 70 post-mortems 
and a detailed microscopic examination of stained sec- 
tions of the kidney in each case, I failed to find any 
with serious kidney disease, the same as is seen so fre- 
quently in man. I found one animal that had a cyst 
that contained over a pint of water, but its physical 
condition seemed to be fair. The tubules and glomer- 
uli of the kidney in all cases were in fairly good condi- 
tion. However, we do occasionally have inflammation 
of the kidneys, as also the condition known as diabetes 
(sugar in the urine), but although I have made numer- 
ous chemical examinations of horse urine, I have never 
yet been able to find sugar present. I know that the 
common opinion among horsemen is that horses are fre- 
quently the subjects of kidney troubles. I think this 
is due to the fact that in many cases of disease the urine 
is only scantily voided ; but this is because absorption 
from the bowels is not going on, or only very slowly, 
and the condition of the blood is such that excretion by 
the kidneys is partly or wholly suspended, and not be- 
cause the kidneys themselves are diseased. 



124 DISEASES OF 

In this place it will probably be a convenience to the 
stock-owner if I say a few words on 

POLYUREA— PROFUSE STALING OR PROFUSE 
URINATION. — Although not strictly due to disease of 
the kidneys, the most prominent symptom — that of pas- 
sing a large quantity of urine — will lead the horse own- 
er to look for a descrijDtion of this disease under the 
heading of "Diseases of the Urinary Organs." 

Causes. — The real cause or causes of the disordered 
condition of the system in this disease is not wxU under- 
stood. A functional derangement of the nervous sys- 
tem, or a part of it, seems in some cases to be the lead- 
ing cause of excessive urination. The condition of the 
blood is frequently abnormal. In other cases we cer- 
tainly have functional derangement of the digestive 
system. It is sometimes present as a comi^lication of 
pneumonia or other lung disease. It is much more com- 
mon in some localities and in some seasons than in others, 
which would seem to show that either local climatic or 
food influences have a great deal to do with its causa- 
tion. It is said that improperly cured, or musty hay 
and grain are active causes; we know that several cases 
will sometimes occur on the same farm. 

Symptoms. — The one prominent symptom of course 
is that the animal passes an excessive quantity of urine 
and has consequently excessive thirst. This is often pre- 
ceeded by a dull feeling. The animal doesn't drive up 
as well as usual; there may or may not be a loss of ap- 
petite, but it will lose flesh rt<pidly, and in a day or two 
will appear to be unusually weak; when in this condi- 
tion it is peculiarly susceptible to colds, and lung fever 
is very easily developed. The urine is usually clear — 
like water. 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 125 

Treatment. — AVhen this condition is discovered, tlie 
animal should be immediately taken from work; apply 
extra clothing to keep the surface of the body warm; 
the method of feeding should be changed. Put a tea- 
spoonful of bicarbonate of soda in half a pail of drink- 
ing w^ater three times a day; give a liberal allowance of 
water to drink — I usually allow the animal as much as 
it will take; give it about three quarts of milk at the 
first morning drink, before the water. Most horses 
will drink milk when suffering from polyurea. If the 
milk is refused at the first offer, try again in half an 
hour, put the i^ail in the manger if the horse is slow 
about taking it. Give a liberal allowance of oatmeal 
water — water in which oatmeal has been soaked for a 
couple of hours and rubbed between the hands to ex- 
tract its nutritious elements. Keep the bowels moving 
by giving warm water and soap injections twice a day. 
In many cases with this simple treatment the profuse 
urination will disappear in two or three days. If, how- 
ever, it still persists, two drams of iodide of potash 
should be mixed with an equal amount of powdered 
gentian, made into a ball and given twice daily. This 
treatment can be very beneficially combined with Dr. 
Heard's Condition Powders. The latter should be ad- 
ministered for some time after the disease has abated, as 
they are essentially tonic and will greatly assist the as- 
similation of the food. 

CATARRH OF THE BLADDER AND URETHRA. 

Causes. — Stone in the bladder may be a cause, but in 
the majority of cases it is caused by errors of diet, the 
administration of medicines, exposure to inclement 
weather, or is a complication of other diseases. 



126 



DISEASES OF 



Symptoms. — There is a frequent desire to urinate, but 
at each attempt only a small quantity is passed ; frequent- 
ly, a few drops only, every few minutes. In this respect 
it differs altogether from the disease last described — 
Polyurea. There is often considerable uneasiness, 
which is shown by the frequent changing of the posi- 
tion of the hind feet. The urine is apt to be of a yellow 
cream color from an admixture of mucus with it. In 
severe cases the pain Avill become more severe and con- 
tinuous, and there will be a loss of appetite, with fast 
breathing and accelerated pulse. 

Treatment — The bowels should be kei)t regular by 
the use of warm water and soap injections twice a day. 
The following to be made into a ball and given twice a 
day: Sulphate of iron, half a dram, calomel, half a dram, 
gentian, two drams, linseed meal, two drams. Twenty 
drops of dilute sulphuric acid may be advantageously 
given in the water three times a day. In cases where 
the urine is markedly acid, give a teaspoonful of the bi- 
carbonate of soda three times a day in the water. See 
that the food is clean and sweet smelling. The diet 
may be changed to advantage in many cases. 

It will be often found that this disease is very slow 
to disappear, but perseverance in the above methods of 
treatment will in nearly all cases be followed by a j^er- 
manent cure. If there are calculi or stones in the bladder, 
it will be necessary to remove them before recovery can 
take place. 

CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES. 
RHEUMATISM. 

Tms disease is much more common in the domestic 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 127 

animals than is generally supposed, and is frequently a 
very stubborn one to treat. 

Causes. — A sluggish liver is a frequent constitutioji- 
al cause. There may also be an inherited tendency to 
the disease. The direct causes are usually connected 
with such agencies as lower the vital energies, as bad 
ventilation, errors of diet, hard work, with exposure to 
great changes of temperature, and atmospheric humidi- 
ty ( moisture ). Young animals are more subject to 
rheumatism than those of mature age. 

Symptoms. — In mild cases and where local, there will 
be pain on pressure. If situated in the limbs, there will 
be lameness, and usually of a rather severe character. 
We frequently have a swelling of the i)ai"t affected. 
The bowels are usually constipated. There is often a 
tendency in this disease to shift from one limb to an- 
other. I have seen two such cases within a month, in 
one of which it first attacked one limb, then another, 
and a few days afterward a third. At each new attack 
the lameness disappeared from the limb previously affect- 
ed although it was very severe in each limb while it last- 
ed. There was also considerable swelling and intense 
pain on pressure. There is frequently a great tendency 
to lie down the greater part of the time. This is very 
pronounced where we have constitutional rheumatism 
affecting the whole body. Here we have loss of aj^petite, 
high fever, and the early appearance of sores on the hips 
and elbows of the patient, by constantly lying on the 
sides. The animal will often refuse to stand long enough 
to eat a little food. The joints and tendons of the limbs 
are peculiarly susceptible to rheumatic inflammations. 

Treatm&iit — In all cases of Rheumatism, whether 
local or general, the early administration of the follow- 



128 



DISEASES OF 



ing ball will be beneficial : Barbadoes aloes, 5 drams, 
ginger, 2 drams. As soon as the cathartic action of this 
medicine has passed off, give the following ball three 
times a day : iodide of potash, 1 dram, calomel, 20 grains, 
gentian, 2 drams, to be continued for several days. Al- 
low as much water as the animal will take. The food 
should be given rather sparingly, and flax-seed tea made 
as follows, will be a valuable adjunct : Boil a half a i)int 
of flax-seed in a gallon of water for 15 minutes, and give 
as much as the animal will take. The administration of 
Dk. Heard's Condition Powders will be found very bene- 
ficial. Apply a small quantity of Heard's American Em- 
brocation to the affected limb, over which should be 
placed a woolen bandage, this to be continued twice a 
day until the skin is slightly roughened. Then band- 
age loosely, without the Embrocation for a few days, 
when, if the animal is still lame, the treatment with the 
Embrocation should be repeated. 

LYMPHANGITIS.— INFLAMMATORY GEDEMA. — 
WEED MONDAY MORNING DISEASE. 

This is a peculiar disease, which has several well 
marked characteristics. Common bred horses are the 
most liable to it. It is usually caused by standing a 
day or tv/o in the stable after an extra hard week's work. 
This characteristic is so prominent that it has been 
named Monday morning disease. It may occur, how- 
ever, in horses that have had no exercise for several 
days, and that have had a liberal allowance of food 
while restin The hind limbs are much more frequent- 
ly attacked by the prominent local symptom, than are the 
fore limbs, and the left hind limb more frequently than 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



129 



the right. In figure 39, we have a good picture of the 
appearance of a horse suffering with this disease. Al- 
though the most prominent symj)tom is the localized 
inflammatory swelling, it is undoubtedly a constitutional 
disease, in which the blood is surcharged with the tissue- 



^ \<^ 







Fig. 39. Appearance of horse with Lymphangitis. 

forming element known as lymph, and containing an 
exeess of white blood cells. 

Causes. — Over feeding at a time when there is a 
want of sufficient exercise to use up elements that are 
carried into the circulatory system. An overflow is na- 
ture's remedy for such crowding. The circulation being 
weakest in the hind limbs, the exudate of white cor- 
puscles and watery parts of the blood takes place in 
this locality. 

Symptoms. — The most prominent and diagnostic, is 
the swelling of one or more of the limbs. This is fre- 
quently so sudden that the limb is swollen to double 
the natural size over night. There is a considerable 
rise of temperature, the pulse is quickened, and the res- 
9 



130 DISEASES OF 

pirations will probably be accelerated. There will be 
great stiffness of the affected limb and considerable 
pain when handled. The pain is sometimes so great in 
the early stages that the animal is covered with persj^ir- 
ation. There is often a marked loss of appetite. The 
disease has a tendency to recur in an animal that has 
once been the subject of it. 

Treatment. — If taken in time— and there is no excuse 
for delay in the treatment of these cases — a perfect cure 
may be effected. The following are the guiding princi- 
ples : allow no food for at least 24 hours, but all the 
water that the animal will take. The medicinal treat- 
ment will consist in giving a cathartic ball made as fol- 
lows : Barbadoes aloes, six drams, ginger, 1 dram, with 
injections of warm water and soajo until purgation fol- 
lows. The local treatment will consist in applying hot 
water to the limb 3 or 4 times a day for about 20 min- 
utes each time. After each bath apply a little of Heard's 
American Embrocation, which has been diluted with 4 
parts of water to one of the Embrocation. As soon as 
the purging ceases, this should be followed by the ad- 
ministration of the following ball twice a day : Iodide 
of potassium, 1 dram, calomel, 1 dram, gentian, 3 drams. 
As soon as the patient can walk around without evinc- 
ing much pain, it should be given a short walk several 
times a day. Feed sparingly for about 2 weeks. As 
soon as the appetite returns and there is no lameness, 
give gentle work for a short time each day, increasing 
the amount gradually until a full day's work is well 
borne. By following this treatment the permanent en- 
largement of the limb called elephantiasis or milk leg is 
prevented. "We see many cases where the limb is twice 
the natural size, the enlargement being of a permanent 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 131 

character. "VVTien this condition exists the case is incur- 
able. This permanent growth is formed by the organiza- 
tion of the first exudate, in the same manner as granula- 
tion tissue is formed. Dr. Heard's Condition Powders 
are an excellent preventive of a return of the malady. 

PURPURA HAEMORRHAGICA, SOMETIMES 
CALLED BIO HEAD 

Somewhat closely related to the last described disease 
is that of Purpura Haemorrhagica, when we have swell- 
ings suddenly appear in different parts of the bod3\ 
They are very frequent around the head, the lips are 
sometimes enormously swollen, the walls of the nostrils 
are sometimes so much enlarged that the animal is 
threatened with suffocation, and the eyelids are often 
enormously swollen. The limbs, too, are frequently the 
parts where large swellings suddenly apj)ear. To deter- 
mine the exact change in the constitution of the animal 
exhibiting these local evidences of disease seems to be 
a question of great difficulty wtth pathologists. It seems 
to me that writers on this disease have unnecessarily 
complicated the subject, especially that part of it relat- 
ing to causes. The swellings are undoubtedly due to 
an escape of some of the blood elements from the vessels 
that normally carry the blood. Now, if we remember 
that the blood is a fluid containing an enormous num- 
ber of individuals perfectly formed, many of them lead- 
ing an independent existence in that fluid in the same 
manner as do some of the animalculae in water, having 
the power of locomotion, digestion, respiration, and 
propagation, apparently independent of each other, in- 
dividually subject to the change known as death, which 



132 DISEASES OF 

sometimes takes place in great numbers in a short time 
without the death of the whole animal: we know that in 
this disease the coloring matter of the blood ( haematin ) 
■ — which is mostly contained in the red corpuscles — is 
filtered through the walls of the blood vessels in large 
quantities, thus showing that there is a disintegration 
or breaking up of the formed elements of the blood itself. 
We may therefore consider it purely as a blood disease. 
Causes. — It usually, though not always, follows some 
debilitating disease, as distemper and pneumonia. Bad 
ventilation is often an auxiliary cause, as are also errors 
in feeding, and very hard work, especially if long con- 
tinued, where the vital energies are very much weak- 
ened. 

Symptoms. — Sudden appearance of swellings on va- 
rious parts of the body ; the head and limbs rarely 
escape. There is always some rise of temperature, but 
usually not to a very high point ; the breathing and 
pulse are nearly always quickened ; the animal will 
show stiffness in the limbs, depending on the extent of 
the swellings in them. The appetite is sometimes very 
bad, at other times fairly good. Ked spots the size of 
a copper cent or larger are frequently seen on the inside 
of the nostrils. It should be borne in mind that the 
same kind of swellings that occur on the surface of the 
body may occur internally, in which case the comjolica- 
tions may be of a very serious nature. For instance, if 
the lungs are invaded, pneumonia ensues ; if the intes- 
tines are affected over any large surface, we may have 
active purgation. The development of internal swel- 
lings is where the great danger lies in this disease. 

Ireatment. — First of all, good ventilation, and plenty 
of clothing on the surface of the body. For the first 



DOMESTIC ANEMALS. 133 

day or two allow no food, but instead, mix a pound of 
oatmeal in a pail of water; after soaking 2 hours, rub 
the meal well between the hands to impart its nutri- 
ment to the water. If the breathing is easy and quiet, 
give a quarter of a j^int of whiskey, mixed with an equal 
amount of water, 3 times a day. It may be necessary 
to drench the horse with this. The following ball 
should also be given 3 times a day: Nitrate of potash, G 
drams, quinine, 2 drams; to be continued until the kid- 
neys are acting freely, when the nitre should be stopped. 
The following ball should be given once a day, but not 
with the nitre ball : Sulphate of iron, 1 dram. Gentian 
3 drams; to be continued daily for two weeks. After 
the 2nd day give the horse 4 quarts of milk a day, 
drenching him if necessary; this to be continued for 2 
weeks, unless purging ensues, when it may be necessary 
to stop for a day or two. If the api)etite is fair, a quart of 
oats with a half a pint of flaxseed may be allowed 3 
times a day, after the 2nd day; a little flaxseed tea, 2 or 
3 times a day, is a good material for building up the de- 
pleted system, and is easily digested. If the bowels are 
constipated, give injections of warm water and soap 3 
times a day. 

As to the treatment of the local swellings, there is 
considerable diversity of opinion whether they should 
be punctured or not. If the breathing is obstructed by 
the swellings around the nosrils, they should be punc- 
tured in several places, either with a lancet or a common 
pocket knife to the depth of a half inch. This will al- 
low the fluid to escape and relieve the breathing. Punc- 
turing may also be recommended for the swellings on 
the limbs and under the chest. It may be repeated 
every day, for several days in stubborn cases. Hot 



134 



DISEASES OF 



fomentations are sometimes of very great benefit, fol- 
lowed by tlie application of Dr. Heard's Dermal Lini- 
ment, diluted witli 8 parts of water to one part of Lini- 
ment. This will prevent a chill to the skin, esj^ecially if 
followed by rubbing with a dry cloth. In many cases 
the skin will die and slough off in large patches, leaving 
large raw sores. These should be dressed daily with 
Heard's Healing Lotion. When the appetite returns, 
Heard's Condition Powders will be found an excellent 
tonic for the bloodvessels. Although the successful 
treatment of this disease often requires great patience, 
if steadily persevered in, many apparently hopeless cases 
will be perfectly cured. 

DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
STAGGERS— FITS. 

There are several disorders of the nervous system 
that give rise to the condition known as staggers. 
True epilepsy may cause a horse to stagger for several 
paces, when it may suddenly fall and have convulsions 
for a longer or shorter space of time. We may also 
have attacks of vertigo or fainting, when the horse will 
stagger for a few steps, then fall, rising again in a min- 
ute or two. This may be due to a variety of causes, as 
indigestion ; absorption of poisonous substances that are 
generated in the digestive canal, weakness of the heart, 
or structural changes in the brain itself. That the 
most prominent symptoms of this disease, namely, 
staggering and sometimes falling, with frequently 
a loss of consciousness, is due to a large number of 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 135 

different disorders, accounts for the variety of symj^- 
toms that are seen in different cases of it. 

As an illustration of what may happen in this line 
from certain diseases of the heart, I will give a case 
that occurred in my own practice. A horse had suffered 
from several attacks of staggers for about six months, 
and the night before I was sent for it had staggered 
and fell while being driven to the carriage, smashing 
the vehicle besides damaging another with which it 
had collided. I began an examination by counting the 
pulsations at the submaxillary artery in the usual way. 
Waiting 3 or 4 seconds without getting a pulsation,' I 
was almost afraid the animal was about to have an- 
other attack ; but still keeping my finger on the artery, 
and noticing the unusual slowness of the pulse, I 
took the count for several minutes. I found that the 
number scarcely varied at all from 13 beats to the min- 
ute—scarcely 1 the usual number. I suspected heart 
trouble and advised that the horse be kept in the stable 
for a few days, saying that I thought it exceedingly 
dangerous to drive it in such a condition. I also said 
that it will be likely to drop dead if worked to any ex- 
tent. At the end of a week I made another examina- 
tion. I advised no treatment. At the end of six days 
I made still another examination. I found no noticeable 
change in the pulse or condition of the horse, which to 
all outward appearance was healthy, and the appetite 
was good. I again said that it would be dangerous to 
work the animal and gave no hope of improvement. 
But much sooner than was expected was my early prog- 
nosis fulfilled, for the very next morning, about half 
past seven, .the coachman came running around to my 
house for me, and when we got to the stable the horse 



136 DISEASES OF 

was dead, notwitlistanding lie had eaten his breakfast 
as usual that moruing. I have never seen a case re- 
ported in which there was such a slow pulse, and pre- 
vious to it I had never taken a horse's pulse where the 
count was below 28 beats in the minute. 

Symptoms. — When an attack begins, the first thing 
usually noticed is that the animal lags, and in a few 
seconds begins to shake its head. This is soon followed 
by an unsteady gait. If continued, the animal will fall; 
sometimes it plunges violently, and cannot be controlled. 
It may lie on the ground in convulsions for several min- 
utes, and then get up looking very stupid and full of 
fear. 

Treatment. — When an animal that is being driven rap- 
idly shakes its head in an unusual manner, it should be 
allowed to come to a walk. In this way it will frequent- 
ly recover itself and after that may be driven for several 
miles without showing any excitable symptoms. A cath- 
artic ball containing six drams of Barbadoes aloes and 
one dram of ginger should be given about every six 
weeks to horses subject to this disease. The diet should 
be kept low, with a quantity of grass when it can be ob- 
tained. A teaspoonful of bicarbonate of soda should be 
given in the food once a day, and to strengthen the di- 
gestive system Dr. Heard's Condition Powders are the best 
possible remedy. A horse subject to this disease is a 
dangerous animal to drive, as he is apt to be suddenly 
attacked in the most inconvenient places. 

DISEASES OF THE EYE. 

There are several diseases of the eyes found in our 
domestic animals, some of which are very rare and will 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 137 

uot need to be considered in tliis little book. There is 
one disease, however, which is very frequent in horses 
in this country and will therefore require consideration. 
I refer to 

CONSTITUTIONAL OPHTHALMIA— MOON 
BLINDNESS— MOON EYE. 

Causes. — This disease is very strongly inherited. It 
may appear in the offspring at about the same age that 
it appeared in the parent, or perha23S earlier. The ten- 
dency of this desease to transmission is so well under- 
stood in France that the French government studs will 
not allow one of their stallions to serve a mare that has 
suffered from it. Bad ventilation in close stables is an 
active cause. If the drainage is bad the ammonia em- 
anation from the urine will act as a strong irritant to 
the eyelids. Exposure in stormy weather is also a cause ; 
also pasturing colts on a damp, marshy soil. It is very 
apt to appear during the teething period. Over-work- 
ing young animals is a frequent cause. 

Symptoms. — The eyelids are usually considerably in- 
flamed, swollen and tender; in a day or two there will be 
a Avhite material deposited over the front of the eyeball, 
sometimes slight fever and loss of appetite; great desire 
to rub the eyelids on the side of the stall, and usually a 
flow of tears over the face. 

Treatment.— li the patient is run down from over- 
work, it should have rest and be liberally fed with good, 
nutritious food. Give internally the following ball: 
Barbadoes aloes, five drams, ginger, one dram, and re- 
move any irritating cause that may be joresent. A most 



138 DISEASES OF 

important part of the management Avill be to prevent 
the animal from rubbing the eyelids against the front 
or side of the stall. This can be done by turning it 
around in the stall and hitching a rope to the stall posts 
on each side, only allowing the horse to stand proper- 
ly in the stall while feeding. Inject under the eyelids, 
twice a day — with the syringe that is inclosed with the 
Lotion — a few drops of Dr. Heard's Eye Lotion for 
moonblindness, and continue as long as there is any 
whiteness remaining on the front of the eye. A horse 
with this disease should not be w^orked in the sun or 
snow, as they are both eye irritants. No time should be 
lost in beginning the treatment and in nearly all cases 
the sight will remain good for years, though the animal 
may be the subject of frequent attacks. To prevent its 
recurrence, the animal should be kept in the best j)os- 
sible condition,,and nothing conduces more to this end 
than Dr. Heard's Condition Powders, given as directed. 

LAMINITIS— FOUNDER— FEVER IN THE FEET. 

A PICTURE of a horse suffering from an acute attack of 
this disease is seen in (Fig. 40.) In this disease the 
sensitive parts of the foot, which are in close connec- 
tion with the folds seen in (Fig. 41) inside the hoof, — 
are in an inflamed condition. The sensitive parts of the 
sole or bottom of the foot are also sometimes the seat of 
inflammation. 

Causes. — Over feeding is a frequent cause, many 
cases occurring a day or two after a greedy horse has 
got loose at night and going to the feed box, has over- 
eaten itself. A frequent cause is standing in a draft 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



139 



after driviug. Tins is a common occurrence in summer. 
It may follow a chill, wliicli is common enough after a 
hard day's work in the late summer, when the coat is 
getting long. Evaporation does not take place readily, 
and some horses will stand in the stall for hours with- 
out the coat drying, even in very warm weather, and 
especially is this likely to be the case if there is much 
humidity in the atmosphere. Standing long in the 
stable without excercise is often a cause, especially of 
the chronic variety, as it weakens the circulation of the 
foot to stand still for many days at a time. Indigestion 
is a frequent cause ; also exposure to very rough 
weather. 




Fig. 40. Horse suffering from Laminitis. 



Fig. 41. Folds of Laminae. 



Symptoms. — The common mode of discovery is to go 
into the stable in the morning and upon trying to back 
the horse out of the stall it is found to be very stiff, and 
is made to move with great difficulty. If all four feet 
are affected, the animal will be found in the position 



140 DISEASES OF 

seen in (Fig-. 40.) If only tlie fore feet are affected, they 
will be put well out to the front, and an attempt made 
to stand on the heels. If the hind feet only are affected 
they will be carried forward under the abdomen, as seen 
in the figure. The breathing will be quickened, the 
frequency of the jDulse increased, pain in the feet is 
often shown by frequently lifting first one foot and then 
the other ; especially is this true of the hind feet. The 
bowels are usually constipated. 

Treatment. — Give the following cathartic ball imme- 
diately : barbadoes aloes, 6 drams, ginger, 2 drams, fol- 
lowed by an ounce of nitrate of potash once a day, 
either in a ball or dissolved in the drinking water, 
which should be allowed in liberal quantity. Give in- 
jections of warm water and soap 3 times a day until 
purging ensues, allow no food for 36 hours, keep the 
surface of the body warm with extra clothing. 

The local treatment should be as follows : Remove 
the shoes from the affected feet, place the fore feet in a 
soaking tub filled with warm water and allow them to 
remain four or five hours, occasionally removing a pail 
of the cooling water and adding hot water, to keep up 
a steady heat. Aj^ply poultices of linseed meal, to 
which has been added a tablespoonful of Heard's Ameri- 
can Embrocation. This treatment must be kept up until 
improvement follows, and the hot water baths should 
be continued till complete recovery. Keej) the patient 
out of the drafts. After about two days give three 
quarts of oats a day for a week, with two or three 
pounds of hay, and a few carrots or a small quantity of 
grass if in season. Half of an ordinary kerosene barrel 
makes a very cheap and convenient soaking tub. When 
the acute disease has passed away, a course of Dr. 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



141 



Heard's Condition Powders will improve the general 
condition of the patient very materially. If properly 
treated, the average case of laminitis will recover in 
about a week or ten days. If the disease is extremely 
acute and hard to get rid of, it sometimes results in a 
change of structure taking place in the inside of the 
hoof, whereby the coffin bone is dislocated by being 
pushed down at the toe, and the sole will be seen bulging 
downward in a convex position, as seen in Figs. 42 & 43. 




Fig. 42. Side view of foot 
with conTex sole. 




Fig. 43. Bottom view of foot 
with convex sole. 



If this occurs, complete recovery is impossible. After 
an attack of laminitis apply a bar shoe seen in Fig. 44 
allowing it to set close to the hoof. If the sole has be- 
come convex or bulging — sometimes called drop-sole — 
the shoe seen in Fig. 45 will be the best to prevent 





Fig. 44, Bar shoe. 



Fig. 45. Shoo for convex sole. 



142 DISEASES OF 

bruising of the diseased sole. There will always be 
tenderness that will be noticed whenever the horse is 
trotted out. 

INJURIES. 

WOUNDS. 

HEMORRHAGE. — In attempting to stop bleeding 
from a wound, don't use the means ordinarily employed, 
viz: swabbing with a sponge, as that will only prevent 
the stopping of the flow. Act as follows : If from a large 
surface, pack a sponge, or cloths into the wound and 
retain them there either by hand pressure or by band- 
age ; and the stronger the pressure the quicker will 
the bleeding stop. If on slacking the j^ressure slightly, 
it is found that the bleeding still continues, apj)ly 
pressure again, without removing the compress of 
sponge or rags. In a little while this will stay in place, 
as it is held by the blood clot. It should not be re- 
moved for a little while, so as to give time for clots to 
be formed in the bloodvessels. 

Treatment. — In all clean cut wounds where it is pos- 
sible to bring the edges together, they should be 
stitched. Various kinds of stitches — sutures — are 
used by surgeons, depending on the kind of wound 
they are called on to treat. It will not be necessary 
for me to go into detail, but to give some plain 
advice as to sewing up the wounds. It will be nec- 
essary first to get the animal under control, and for 
ordinary wounds the apparatus seen in Figs. 17 and 18 will 
usually answer the purpose. In fact I sew up many 
wounds by applying a twitch on the horse's nose only, 
with one fore foot tied up. I use heavy silk, made 
specially for sewing wounds ; but when this cannot be 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



143 



conveniently obtained use common strong twine with a 
small bag needle. The first stitch should be placed so 
as to bring the edges of the wound together in the 
middle, going as deep as practical, so that it will not 
tear out. Now i)lace the second stitch midway be- 
tween the first and the end of the wound, and so on, 
always putting the stitch in the middle of the space to 
be sewn. Bring the edges of the wound close together 
and tie tightly. It is advisable to leave a small space 
at the deepest part of the wound for drainage. The 




Fig. 46. Sutures for ordinary wounds. 

common suture seen in Fig. 46 is the simplest and 
easiest apj^lied. If there is any dirt in the wound, it 
must be washed out before being sewn, otherwise no 
water or dressing should be applied. As soon as the 
wound is sewn apply on the outside and over the 
stitches some of Dr. Heard's Healing Lotion, as directed 
on the label. This agent being a thorough antiseptic, 
will kill all germs that would be likely to cause sup- 
puration in the wound. If the wound is not favorably 
located for bandaging, the lotion should be applied 
twice or three times a day and to> the parts near it. If it 



144 DISEASES OF 

is situated on a limb, where it is feasible to apply a band- 
age, the treatment may be varied as follows : after 
carefully sewing up the wound and applying the heal- 
ing lotion as above to the surrounding hair, take a wad 
of cotton or oakum and, after saturating it thoroughly 
with the lotion, lay it over the wound ; then wind a 
bandage over this so that it will cover the wounded 
space and retain the cotton pad in position. If the 
edges of the wound have been brought together at all 
points, except the bottom part of it and the dressing 
applied as above directed it should not be disturbed 
for 3 days ; neither should the animal be allowed to lie 
down, nor allowed to move more than is absolutely 
necessary, as absolute quiet is needed to allow of heal- 
ing by what is known as " direct union." Until the dis- 
covery of Dr. Heard's Healing Lotion, it was taught by 
all authorities that common rounds in the horse ex- 
cept those en the eyelids and nose, never healed by 
*' direct union," or without suppuration or the forma- 
tion of jDus. By the above treatment more than half 
the cases will heal without suppuration, and conse- 
quent discharge of j^us. On the third day the bandage 
should be removed and the lotion a^Dplied all around 
the wound ; also apply the cotton and bandage as be- 
fore, after being well soaked with the lotion. This 
dressing may be changed every day until the wound 
has thoroughl}^ healed. The union must become solid 
before any considerable motion is allowed, as the young 
tissues by which it is brought about will be very tender 
and easily torn if stretched. There is great danger of 
the wound opening up again if motion is allowed too 
soon. If there is much pain in the part or great 
swelling, with some discbarge of pus, the bottom stitch. 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 145 

should be opened and the pus squeezed toward that 
part. Apj)ly the healing lotion liberally. Dress twice 
a day now. In most cases where the wounds are of 
any considerable size, it will be best to keep the horse 
tied to a high ring in front of the stall, to prevent mo- 
tion by lying dow^n or getting up. Most wounds 
when treated in the way above described, will heal kind- 
ly, but when allowed to run along without treatment, 
^ye frequently have complications which are difficult to 
cure, and which in many cases will retard the healing 
for some time. 

PROUD FLESH (EXCESS OF GRANULATIONS.) 

Whenever the raw surface of the wound projects be- 
yond the level of the skin at the edges, we have an 
excess of new material, which will have to be removed 
before the wound will properly heal. The healing of 
such a raw surface will have to take place by new 
growths (additions of new skin around the edges of old 
skin) until the new skin finally covers the entire raw 
surface. A common cause of proud flesh in a wound is 
rubbing or biting it. When such a wound is situated 
on the inside of the limb, the animal will frequently 
rub it with the opposite limb, causing it to look un- 
usually angry, sore, and swollen, with a reddish dis- 
charge from it. In such cases, to cause healing, it is 
necessary to prevent mechanical irritation. Irritations 
which delay the healing of wounds are very common in 
summer, flies causing the animal to rub the part to re- 
lieve the itching. To destroy the excessive growth of 
repair material, the application of powdered sulphate 
10 



146 DISEASES OF 

of zinc is usually sufficiently strong. This can be re- 
peated every two days or so until the sore is level with 
the surrounding skin. In some cases where the growth 
has been going on for some time and is of considerable 
size, the most convenient method of destroying it is to 
burn it with a red hot iron. There need be no fear of 
damage, provided there is nothing more than the proud 
flesh that is destroyed. It is in all cases necessary to 
discover and prevent the irritation that is the cause of 
the exuberant growths. Ordinary wounds that cannot 
be sewn up, are best treated by the application of Dk. 
Heard's Healing Lotion twice a day ; and even in these 
cases there is rarely any considerable amount of pus or 
swelling in the vicinity of the wound when the lotion is 
used. 

WOUNDS OF THE FEET. 

These are often of the punctured variety and are usual- 
ly caused by nails. 

Treatment. — As soon as discovered the nail or other 
sharp implement should be extracted. In some cases 
considerable force will bo required. Having palled out 
the nail, if there is no lameness, nothing more is neces- 
sary than the introduction of a few drops of De. Heard's 
Healing Lotion, into the orifice of the wound ; but if 
there is much lameness, the horn around the place of 
puncture must be pared away by a smith until the bot- 
tom is reached by a funnel shaj^ed opening. This 
operation is very important for reasons which will be 
easily understood by referring to the article on Teta- 
nus or Lockjaw, (page 97.) Having made a good large 
opening in the horn, drop in plenty of the healing lo- 
tion, after which a2:)ply a poultice of linseed meal or 



DOIVIESTIC ANIMALS. 147 

some pulpy agent. This should be changed twice a day, 
and the healing lotion apjolied liberally before the ap- 
plication of each jDoultice. Give very little food for a 
day or two, and if there is any fever, administer a ball 
as follows ; Barbadoes Aloes, 6 drams, ginger, 1 dram. 
The i)oulticing should not be continued for more than 
4 days, as it is apt to produce j^roud flesh in the w^ound. 

SCRATCHES— CRACKED HEELS. 

Causes. — These are constitutional and local. AVhat 
pecular condition of the skin most predisposes an ani- 
mal to this disease is unknown, when, from any cause, 
except that the circulation of the blood in the skin on 
the heel is weakened, it will be much more susceptible 
to scratches. The most frequent local cause is long con- 
tinued exposure to very low temperature, as when the 
animal has to work in ice water during thawing periods, 
especially after snow storms. This is greatly aggra- 
vated by street railroad companies salting the tracks. 
This not only increases the irritating effect of the street 
filth, but it lowers its temperature many degrees. The 
effect of such a material on any part of the body is to 
lessen the force of the circulation of the blood. If ex- 
posed to it for many hours, complete stagnation of blood 
is apt to occur, and if long continued will cause death 
of the part. On account of the low vascularity of the 
connective tissue and structures under the skin of the 
limbs of horses, this local death from long exposure to 
low temi^erature often occurs. The first symptom is swel- 
ling near the fetlock, with great lameness, usually fol- 
lowed in a few days by a bursting of the skin and the 
escape of a foul smelling, pasty material, which is the 
debris of the dead structures. In other cases a portion 



148 DISEASES OF 

of the skin itself is killed by a suspension of the blood 
circulation, caused by the low temperature. The skin 
will crack open and the surrounding dead parts ulcer- 
ate and fall off as foul smelling debris, leaving an ulcer 
or ulcers of varying sizes. The destruction is some- 
times so great that the tendons and their sheaths be- 
come involved, and the results are of a very serious 
nature. 

Treatment : — Whenever an animal is found lame and 
an inflamed swelling appears in the neighborhood of 
the heels, a poultice of linseed meal, made very soft, 
should be immediately applied, and changed twice a 
day. This will have a beneficial effect in various ways ; 
first, by assisting in restoring the weakened circulation 
in tissues that are not already dead ; second in causing 
a softening of tissues that are already dead, and pre- 
paring them for removal. In a few days after the at- 
tack begins the dead parts of skin will crack and slough 
off^ leaving an open sore. Such wounds often heal very 
slowly. In order to hasten the reparative process, the 
poultice, preceded by the application of Heakd's Healing 
Lotion should be continued until the new flesh has grown 
out even with the edges of the skin, when its use should 
cease. Now, after applying the lotion every day, a little 
alum should be sprinkled over the wound. A scab will 
soon be formed, which should not be disturbed, but a 
fresh dressing of lotion and alum added every day. A 
ball of aloes, 6 drams, ginger, 1 dram should be given as 
soon as the disease is discovered. 

FISTULA. 

This species of wound occurs in various parts of the 
body. In most cases on account of the complicated re- 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 149 

quirements to successfully treat tliem, I would advise 
that none but experts should do so. 

ABSCESS— BOILS. 

Any local collection of pus in a closed cavity is called 
an abscess. Abscesses may occur in any part of the 
body, as a result of local inflammations from blows or 
other injuries. 

Symptoms : — A rise of temperature frequently accom- 
panies the formation of abscesses. The enlargements 
when pressed on, will usually have an elastic feel, and 
as the pus gets nearer the surface, the swelling will be 
much softer. 

Treatment : — When the presence of an abscess is dis- 
covered, the sooner the pus is evacuated the better, but 
be careful that you do not puncture a joint or a tendon. 
Make a large opening, and as low down as practicable, 
to get free drainage. This done, the wound should be 
dressed twice a day by injecting, with a small syringe, 
Heakd's Healing Lotion. The wound must not be al- 
lowed to heal outside until the bottom parts heal, so it 
will be necessary in many cases to insert the finger 
every day to keep the wound pervious. To assist in 
bringing an abscess to a head or getting it soft and ripe, 
a poultice of linseed meal, to which has been added a 
tablespoonful of Dr. Heard's American Embrocation, 
should be continuously applied. 

WARTS— SKIN TUMORS. 

Warts are extra growths of the skin, the causes of 
which are partly constitutional and partly local. They 



150 Diseases ol' 

are of various shapes, some having very broad bases, 
others having a very narrow base and a full round top, 
something in the shape of a growing pear. They some- 
times grow very fast, especially when the animal rubs 
them against a hard substance; the outside may even 
be raw and sore from this cause; in other cases the 
growth is exceedingly slow. 

Treatment. — Warts may be removed by the knife or 
by medicines. Removal by medicines is usually very 
unsatisfactory, and my advice is not to attempt it. 
They may. also be removed by cutting through the base 
with scissors, or a red hot iron may be used to sever the 
base. This will have the advantage of stopping the 
hemorrhage; in fact, of preventing it. After removal, 
treat the sore in the manner described for the treatment 
of wounds. 

ECZEMA. 

This is an inflammation of the skin, with swellings 
that arise quite suddenly, and usually of small size. The 
inflammation of the skin j^roduced by a blister is a typ- 
ical eczema. Slight attacks are sometimes caused b}^ 
the irritation produced by the products of perspiration, 
especially in the summer months. This will cause the 
animal to rub against anything that may be convenient 
for the purpose to relieve the itching. There is also a 
constitutional tendency to eczema in some horses. 

Treatment. — Dr. Heakd's Condition Powders are of 
great benefit; also Heard's Dermal Liniment, diluting a 
tables j)oonful of Liniment with 2 quarts of water; rub 
on immediately after coming from work, after which rub 
dry with a cloth. 



i)6MES'riC AKIMALS. 151 

Capped elbows— shoe boil and 
capped hock 

Shoe boil is an enlargement on the elbow, caused by 
the horse lying with the elbow resting on the heels of 
the shoe. Cai3j)ed hock is usually caused by the horse 
kicking against the side of the stall, or by blows admin- 
istered in various ways. 

Treatment. — Apply a small quantity of Dr. Heard's 
American Embrocation twice a day. Some means must be 
devised to prevent the horse from again injuring itself. 
For shoe boil it may be necessary to keep the animal 
standing by tying it short to a high ring in front of the 
stall. As a preventive, the ordinary shoe boil boot is 
usually successful, if worn every night. If the boil is of 
long standing and hard, it can only be removed by an 
operation. When recent, it can be cured as above 
recommended, if the treatment is persevered in. 

SPRAINS— STRAINS. 

A sprain is frequently a serious injury. The muscles, 
tendons, and ligaments of any part of the body are the 
most frequent seats of sprains. The most common loca- 
tion in the horse is the tendons on the back of the limbs. 

Symptoms. — Lameness and tenderness on pressure, 
followed by swelling and unusual heat in the part. 

Treatment — Absolute rest is the first requisite ; fre- 
quent bathing with hot water, to which has been added 
a tablespoonful of Dr. Heard's American Embrocation to 
each half gallon of water, to be continued for several days 
in bad cases. Give six drams of aloes in the form of a 
ball, and feed in limited quantity. If there is still con- 
siderable latneness at the end of a week, rub with Heard's 
Embrocation twice a day ; saturate a rag with it and 



152 DISEASES OF 

cover the whole with a flannel bandage, to be repeated 
until the skin is well roughened. If the back sinews 
are the seat of the sprain, considerable relief will be af- 
forded by the application of a shoe, made thin at the 
toe, with heel calks about two inches long. This shoe 
may be worn when first put to exercise after a severe 
sprain, and as the calks become gradually worn down, 
the fibres of the tendon w^ill become slowly stretched 
until they resume their usual length. Allow perfect 
rest for several days after the animal is able to travel 
sound. 

SPEED Y=CUT— BRUISING 

When the soft structures under the knee on the inside 
of the leg are struck and bruised by the opposite foot, 
the injury is called speedy-cut. If the injury be severe, 
it may cause the formation of an abscess, the pus in 
which will have to be evacuated before recovery will 
occur. More frequently, however, an inflammation with 
swelling ensues, followed in a day or two by the thick- 
ening of the tissues at this point. If treated now, the 
enlargement will be removed without difficulty, but if 
neglected, and, as often hajopens, the animal is again 
ridden or driven, the tendency to bruise by striking is 
much increased. A new inflammation is set up, and 
little by little the original swelling is daily added to, 
until it comes out even with the knee, and has become 
hard and calloused. This condition is much more diffi- 
cult to treat, and will require more patience on the part 
of the owner. Apply Dr. Heard's American Embrocation 
twice a day rubbing well Avith the hand until the skin 
is roughened ; then cease for a day or two, when 
the treatment should be renewed. By persevering 



DOMESTIC AKIMALS. 15H 

in this treatment, I have never known a failure to 
result. Hard, calloused bunches on any part of the 
body should be treated in the same way. 

WINDGALLS (WIND PUFF5). 

Those may be cured by applying a very small quan- 
tity of the Embrocation and keeping a linen bandage 
constantly applied while in the stable. This should be 
continued for a considerable time after the enlarge- 
ments have disappeared. 

CURB. 

This is a sprain of some of the ligaments situated be- 
hind the hock, giving rise to a considerable swelling 
and in some cases great lameness. Its situation is seen 
at page 56, in Fig. 21. 

Causes. — Hard riding or driving when j^oung, espe- 
cially in hilly localities. Inheritance plays a consider- 
able part in the causation of curb in many horses. 

Treatment. — The animal must be placed in a condition 
of absolute rest, and Dr. Heard's American Embrocation, 
applied three times a day until the skin is roughened ; 
then allow an intermission for a few days, when if there 
is still lameness, the treatment should be repeated. This 
will cure the very worst case of curb. A high heeled 
shoe as recommended for sprain of the back sinews, will 
materially assist in curing the lameness. 

THE FOOT. 

On account of the great change that has occurred in 
the foot of the horse durins: its evolution from a five-toed 



154 



DISEASES OF 



to a one-toed animal, there is constant deviation from 
any one absolute, special, and exact form and shape. 
The foot of the horse is in a condition similar to any 
structure that has been developed in comjoaratively re- 
cent times — where change readily takes place — and 
where the normal balance is readily ujDset. A glance 
at the following diagram will show the changes in the 
foot of the horse. Fig. 47. 




I'-* 
'" -III «h itt 

Fig. 47. Showing feet of ancestors of Horse. 



Again, the uses to which horses have been put by 
civilized man have necessitated changes of structure 
in many parts of the body, notably in that of the foot. 
For instance, travel on macadamized roads requires 
a foot structurally much stronger than on soft ground. 
In other words, the foot that will suffer no disorder 
when used for travel on soft, dirt roads, may be irrem- 
ediably damaged by travel for only a short time on the 
macadamized roads of to-day. It has been frequently 
argued by wx'iters on the foot that horses in a state of 
nature rarely have foot disorders, and that therefore 
shoeing is the cause of most of the ills that affect the 



tJOMESTiC ANIMAL^. 155 

foot. But we should remember that the conditions un- 
der which the horse of to-day has to labor are totally dif- 
ferent from those in which the horse is found in a state 
of nature. It has therefore been found necessary to 
use various artificial means to preserve i^ortions of the 
animal body from partial or total destruction. In very 
early times it was found necessary to protect the foot of 
the horse, and up to the present time a rim of iron has 
been deemed the most serviceable protection for the 
bottom of the foot. But this takes no account of the 
outside of the hoof which is also subject to a consider- 
able change on account of the following departure from 
natural conditions. In a state of nature the horse trav- 
eled on pastures continually. These pastures were 
kept moist by frequent rain and dew, thus keeping up 
a water or moist saturation the greater part of the time, 
thus enabling the horn to grow tough and strong and 
preventing any undue dryness, except in unusually dry 
seasons, or in unusually dry and arid places. Now we 
have the horse traveling much of the time on very dry 
roads, covered with dust which assists in absorbing 
the little moisture that may be near the outside of the 
hoof, and at night a very large number of horses are 
kept in stables where everything is dry under the feet- 
just the opposite of natural conditions. Evaporation 
goes on continually from the surface of the wall of the 
foot. The horn becoms dry and brittle, is subject to 
cracks and bruises, in fact, almost the reverse of the 
tough, moist horn found in the hoof of the horse kept 
under natural conditions. To counteract this tendency 
to dryness of the horn, various applications have been 
tried, and all with varying success, until by experiment- 
ing with various agents that had been recommended by 



150 DISEASES OF 

previous writers, I came to the conclusion that a mix- 
ture of Nonane, Hexadecane and certain fixed oils, when 
applied daily to the horn, made a perfect protection 
from evaporation of moisture and consequent brittleness 
of the horn. It is now made and sold in large quanti- 
ties as Dk. Heard's Hoof Liniment, and should be used 
by everyone who has a horse that is of necessity kept 
from natural pastures, where the foot would be kept 
moist by rain and dew. The advantage of using this 
liniment instead of the ordinary tar compounds, will 
be readily understood when it is considered that tar is an 
acid substance, which absorbs and holds sand and dirt 
in large quantities when brought in contact with it. 



CONTRACTED HEELS. 

This is a condition in which the hoof is smaller than 
normal, and may exist with or without lameness. The 
effect, however, is to cause a pressure on the bloodves- 
sels and nerves contained in the sensitive structures in- 
side the horn. 

Causes. — Inheritance is a frequent cause. Huide- 
koper says that a horse that is contracted, though not 
lame, should be excluded from the stud. Hot dry 
weather tends to diminish the quantity of moisture in 
the horn and predisposes to a shriveling of the horny 
fibres. "We have already referred to the bad effect on 
horn of keeping horses in the stable. This is aggravat- 
ed if the animal is kept in the stable without exercise 
for any great length of time. The circulation of blood 
through the foot will be diminished, as will also the 
amount of horn moisture. The practice of many smiths 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 157 

in filing away the gelatine coating that forms on the 
outside of a healthy hoof, is also to be dei3recated, as 
it removes the natural protection against excessive evap- 
oration. Opening uj) of the heels is also a great cause 
of curling in of the heels, for if the horn was not re- 
moved, it would tend to act as a wedge to prevent the 
curling inward. 

Symptoms. — A pointing of the contracted foot is usu- 
ally an early symi^tom, as is also a gradual curling in of 
the heels of the hoof toward the frog. If lame, the 
lameness is usually most severe when first coming out 
of the stable. 

Treatment. — Should be both i)reventive and curative. 
To prevent contraction, colts and horses should not be 
-kej^t in stables for days at a time where the floors are of 
dry boards. The hoof requires exercise and soft, but 
clean boards. This has especial reference to young 
farm horses that do not wear shoes. The ai^plication 
of Dk. Heakd's Hoof Liniment is an excellent preventive 
of the dryness and brittleness that leads to contraction. 
Proper shoeing is also a preventive. The kind of shoe 
which most frequently causes contraction is that in which 
the outer rim of the heel is higher than the inside. The 
heels in this case will be pressed inward toward the 
frog at each step the horse takes. I have seen many 
shoes made and fitted with this evident defect. The 
bearing of the shoe at the heel should be perfectly lev- 
el, if it is meant to be applied to a healthy foot. 

Curative Measures. — Various devices have been in- 
vented to spread contracted heels, one of the most sim- 
ple being a^ instrument which works on the principal 
of the jack screw. As to the efficiency of this instrument 
as an expander there is no doubt, but its use is founded 



158 DISEASES OF 

on the error that the foot of the horse is a non vital 
piece of machinery. 

Some years ago one of my em^^loyers owned a horse 
that was the subject of contraction, and having heard 
high recommendations of the use of this screw by a 
professional operator, he asked my opinion of it. I was 
compelled to say that unless such force was used as 
would cause a temporary lammitis, it would take longer 
to expand the contracted heels in this manner than by 
other and less vigorous measures. The ease with which 
the heels could be forced open by means of this jack 
screw appeared so plain that the gentleman concluded 
to give it a trial ; and I had the opportunity of 
watching the results, in which I confess I had some 
curiosity. I found that immediately after the screw 
had been used, the horse appeared to have relief for 
a few minutes, but that it was soon followed by in- 
creasing pain to such an extent that one day when I 
happened in the stable ( about an hour after tlie-operator 
had gone ), I exclaimed," Why your horse is foundered!" 
The attendant informed me that the horse always stif- 
fened up in that way about an hour after being oper- 
ated on. I was not surjorised, as I had told the owner 
(when my opinion was asked) that, "on account of the 
clo&e vascular connection between the heels of the cof- 
fin bone, which could not be made to expand, and the 
heels of the hoof — which would be pushed apart by the 
use of the screw — some of the bloodvessels would nec- 
essarily be ruptured, and the remainder would be 
stretched so as to be considerably weakened, and thus al- 
low blood to be extravasated and an inflammation set 
up." This was precisely what had happened in the 
above mentioned case, and sure enough the horse was 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 159 

foundered, but a part of the treatment being- the immer- 
sion of the feet in a tub of hot water for 4 hours each 
day, the acute symptoms were relieved by the time of 
the next operation— two days after. I mention this 
case because at first sight, and without a knowledge of 
the minute anatomy of the foot, it would appear that 
the use of the jack screw would accomplish expansion 
of the heels much more completely and easier than any 
other means. I have no doubt that there are at pres- 
ent men traveling through this and other countries 
making money by the use of such injurious devices, for 
the field for their labors is unHmited. 




Fig. 48. Dr. Eoberges' Spring inserted in Hoof. 

Another ingenious device has been invented by Dr. 
Roberge, Fig 48. It consists of a steel spring, which, 



160 



DISEASES OF 



when inserted inside the heels, exerts a steady pressure 
on them in an outward direction. As this pressure is 
not severe and is continuous, no bad effects follow the 
use of the spring, but it is continuously exerting an 
expanding pressure on the parts to be sj^read. This in- 
vention can therefore be highly recommended. 

After all, expansion of contracted heels can be accom- 
plished by shoeing, and in a very simple manner. The 
kinds of shoe are shown in Figs. 49 & 50. It will be seen 





kit C:^ K^ ^ 

Figs. 49 and 50. Expanding shoes for contracted feet. 



that they are plain shoeB,4iffering from the ordinary shoe 
by having a slant or bevel at the heels in an outward 
direction, instead of being precisely level. The extent 
of this slant or bevel is regulated entirely by the smith 
who makes the shoe, and may be either slight or of con- 
siderable extent. If the contraction is slight, the bevel 
may be shallow, whereas if the contraction is very great, 
the bevel may be at a more acute angle. The care nec- 
essary in the ajiplication of this shoe is to be sure that 
the inside edge of the heel of the shoe shall be set in- 
side the contracted heel, so that every time the horse 
steps the heel will be pressed outward by the bevel of 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



161 



the shoe. This shoe should not be fitted exactly tight 
to the heels, as they drop slightly each time the ani- 
mal places the weight of the body on the foot. It is 
also necessary to remove the shoe about every two weeks 
to have it refitted, as the heels will be expanding while 
the quarters of the foot are held in one position by the 
nails. 

CORNS. 

Corns in horses feet are of an entii'ely different na- 
ture from those of the human feet. In horses there is 
an escape of some portions of the blood from the blood- 
vessels located in the sensitive sole of the foot. There 
is, in fact, a local congestion or inflammation of the 
part affected. 





Fig. 51. Contracted 
foot showing seat 
of corn. 



Fig. 52. Flat foot 
showing seat 
of corn. 



Fig. 53. Testing foot 
for tender sole. 



Causes. — Contracted heels, wearing shoes for too long 
a time without removal and concussion on hard roads 
are all prolific causes of the bruising which produces 
the escape of blood from the vessels. To test for ten- 
derness in any part of the sensitive sole use a smith's 
11 



162 DISEASES OF 

tongs as shown in Fig. 53. A deep-seated and fresh 
corn will often be discovered by this means when no 
sux^erficial discoloration can be seen. 

Treatment — If the heels are contracted, they should 
be expanded in the manner recommended for the cure 
of contraction. If the shoes have been allowed to re- 
main on too long, they should be removed more fre- 
quently. To prevent bruising the shoe should not be 
fitted too tightly to the heels. A small open space 
should be allowed between the heel of the shoe and the 
heel of the foot. The ax^i^lication of De. Heard's Hoof 
Liniment will materially assist the horn to become 
tough and elastic, when the concussion or jar to the 
foot will be greatly lessened. Unless the lameness is 
severe, gentle exercise is better than standing in the 
stable. If the lameness is severe, showing that the lo- 
cal inflammation is also severe, it is best treated by 
poulticing with linseed meal, to which has been added 
about a tablespoonf ul of Dr. Heard's American Embroca- 
tion. If the animal is turned out to pasture, the shoe 
called a tijo. Fig. 54 should first be put on to prevent 
the wall of the hoof from being broken away. 





Fig. 55. Hoof with Quarter Crack. 

QUARTER CRACK. 

This is a separation of the fibres of the hoof from 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 163 

their connections with each other, occurring at the 
quarters. 

Treatment. — The application of a bar shoe — round 
shoe, Fig. 44, and making a grove into the horn across 
the direction of the fibres at the top of the crack with a 
thin hot iron, as seen in Fig. 55, to prevent the further 
extension of the splitting as the new horn grows down. 
To stimulate the new growth of horn, apply Dr.Heard's 
American Embrocation, daily to the coronet over the quar- 
ter where the crack is situated, until the skin is rough- 
ened. After an intermission of a few days, repeat the 
treatment. Use Dr. Heard's Hoof Liniment to prevent 
brittleness and a dry condition of the horn. 



164 DISEASES OF 

TEETH. 

CUTTING TEETH. 

When young horses are cutting their teeth, they are 
frequently the subjects of great nervous tension, and are 
predisposed to become easy victims to numerous ail- 
ments. Many cases are met with in which the second 
teeth are cut before the first teeth (which they will re- 
place) are shed. In these cases the first teeth ought to 
be removed so as to allow the second teeth to come up 
in their proper place, otherwise they are apt to be 
crowded out from the normal position, and leave the 
mouth somewhat deformed. It is a very easy matter 
to remove the first or milk teeth at the time of the cut- 
ting of the second permanent teeth, as the root has 
been mostly absorbed, and the tooth can be extracted 
by any kind of pliers, when no proper tooth forceps are 
handy. 

WOLF TEETH. 

Another frequent annoyance among horses — and colts 
are as frequently the subjects of it as old horses — is the 
presence of wolf teeth — also known as Eemnant teeth. 

They are found immediately in front of the first up- 
per molar, and they are the only remains of what was 
in the early ancestors of the horse the first molar. To 
discover their presence it is only necessary to hold the 
tongue with one hand and run the thumb of the other 
hand back against the first upper molar, and if a wolf 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 165 

tooth be present, a small tip probably no larger than a 
pea, will be felt right in front of the root of the first 
back tooth. They will be occasionally found an inch 
or two in front of the first molar, but of course behind 
the tush or bridle tooth. In some cases they may be 
felt beneath the gum before they have cut through. 

/Si/m2Jtoms. — Wolf teeth often cause a horse to drive 
badly, especially when an upper-jaw bit and check rein 
is used, as the bit will be brought right back in contact 
with them, and apparently cause the animal much pain. 
They often cause a horse to slobber a great deal when 
being driven. 

liemoval. — Various forms of forceps have been in- 
vented for extracting these teeth, and when easily ob- 
tained should be used; but as stock owners as a rule 
cannot conveniently command the use of dental instru- 
ments, nor the services of a skilled dentist, a simple 
means of removal may be mentioned, namely a blunt 
chisel. Place it against the base of the tooth and 
strike a slight blow with a hammer or mallet. The 
tooth will usually become loosened, and if it does not 
drop out, will be easily removed by the finger and 
thumb. The chisel should be so placed that it will 
glide by the first molar when the wolf tooth is struck. 
It is rather a crude method of removal, but is often the 
most convenient obtainable and quite as effectual as 
any other. 

nOLARS. 

Another . anomaly is also frequently found in our 
present domesticated horse, viz., the outer edges of the 
upper molars are found to overhang the edges of the 



166 



DISEASES OF 



lower molars, as seen in Fig. 56. The cause of this 
seems to be that with our present method of feeding, 
where the horse often gets through a meal in a half an 
hour or less time, there is not sufficient wear of the 
teeth to keep them level. A question frequently put to 




Fig. 56. T«eth showing overhaugiag upper molars. 



me by employers is " What does the wild horse in a 
state of nature do about getting his teeth filed? " The 
answer to the question is that, as the wild horse is 
about all the time grinding food that he has to search 
for so diligently, the teeth are worn sufficiently fast to 
keep them level. By looking at the above picture we 
can easily see that the effect of these overhanging 
edges is to cut the cheek while feeding, or more fre- 
quently perhaps when the bit is placed in the mouth 
and held by the reins ; the cheek is now puckered up 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



167 



and will be brought with some force against the sharp 

edges of the teeth. It is no uncommon thing to find 

horses with large sores on the inside 

of the cheek that have been caused 

by these sharp edges of the teeth. 

To examine a horse's mouth for these 

sharp edges it is only necessary to 

hold the tongue with one hand and 

run the thumb of the other hand back 

along the outside of the upper teeth, 

when, if any sharp edges or points 

are present, they will be immediately 

felt. Having discovered the sharj) 

edges, it will be necessary to level 

=. them down with some kind of rasp. 

"^ Different kinds are used, but one of the 

■2 

I simplest and most convenient will be 

found pictured in Fig. 57. This should 

"^ be rubbed on the edges of the teeth 

^ until they have a level feel when 

examined by the thumb as above 

described. Care should be taken that 

the last molars are reached with the 

file, and that they are made level as 

well as those placed more toward the 

front of the mouth. Nearly every 

horse that is fed in the ordinary way 

on oats and hay will require to have 

his teeth dressed about once a year. 



168 



DISEASES OF 



=! THE GROWTH AND WEAR OF TEETH. 

Healthy horses' teeth (the second set, not the first), 
o-row practically throughout life, but much slower after 
fifteen or sixteen years of age 
than before. This growth is 
designed by nature to counter- 
act the enormous wear of the 
teeth, the horse having to 
perform for himself that which 
the miller performs for man. 
If the lower molar, illustrated 
in figure 59, had met its 
corresponding ujDj^er molar, 
its two inches of extra growth 
should have been worn off by 
attrition (mastication) and a 
like amount from the upjDer 
tooth. But the uj^per tooth 
was unfortunately lost. The 
lower tooth therefore, grew till 
the friction from it on the 
upper jaw killed the horse. 
Various kinds of instruments 
are used to remove this extra 
growth of teeth. A moderately 
shar23 chisel may be used, but 
there is danger of its slipping 
and cutting the soft struct"" res 
of the mouth or throat, for it 
has to be struck with considera- 
ble force. When convenient send for a veterinary den- 




Fig. 59. Back lower molar ; 

extra growth begins at 

dotted line. 



* This page is from " Horse's Teeth," by W. H. Clarke. 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 169 

tist. There are yerj few animals besides the horse 
whose teeth grow throughout life. 

There are mauy diseases to which the teeth are sub- 
ject, but we shall ouly notice one. viz. : 

ULCERATION OF TEETH— NECROSIS— ROTTEN 
TOOTH. 

Fortunately the horse is not as liable to necrosis of 
the teeth as is man ; in fact, it is rather rare except in 
very old animals. In many cases horses undoubtedly 
suffer from ulceration of the teeth and the consequent 
pain for some time before discovery. The animal will 
lose flesh, the hair looks dry and there is a general ap- 
pearance of poor nutrition. In advanced cases there is 
sometimes swelling of the glands under the jaw, with 
foul-smelling breath ; a little later, if an upper tooth is 
the subject of ulceration, we are likely to have a foul- 
smelling discharge from the nostril of the affected side. 
I have known this condition to continue for many 
months without the true cause being discovered. 

The mouth should be examined by inserting the 
mouth speculum, shown in figure 60. The tongue 




Fig. 60, Mouth speculum. 



170 



DISEASES OF 



should be held by an assistant and the head kept steady 
by another assistant, holding one ear with one hand, 
and the nose with the other. The operator can now 
run the hand back through the opening in the specu- 
lum, and examine the teeth carefully. If ulceration has 
progressed to any extent, he will feel the hollow space 
(cavity) in the tooth, or perhaps between two teeth. 
Having discovered this hollow space, the diagnosis is 
certain. I shall not describe the methods of removal 
of the remaining portion of the ulcerated tooth, as the 
services of a skilled operator with complicated instru- 
ments will in nearly every case be found necessary. If 
an old horse is the subject of the disease, it is best that 
he be destroyed. 

PARASITES. 

Parasites are living organisms that obtain their sub- 
stance from the nutritious material contained in the 
bodies of other living organisms. Some of the para- 
sites are of a vegetable nature, as the fungus of the 
ringworm, occurring on the skin of man and most of 
the domestic animals. Many parasites belong to the 
animal kingdom, as worms, ticks, lice, fleas and various 
kinds of flies. Then again some of the most destruc- 
tive parasites that infect man and animals are neither 
vegetable nor animal, but seem to have a realm by 
themselves, about midway between the vegetable and 
animal kingdoms. To this class belong the various 
species of bacteria and cocci that are the cause of 
most of the infectious aud contageous diseases in man 
and animals. 

We shall not attemj^t to describe this last class. For 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



171 



their effects we must refer the reader to the various in- 
fectious aud contagious diseases mentioned in another 
part of this work. We shall only consider the most 
common vegetable and animal species and their effects 
on the system. 

RINGWORM. 

This is a disease of the skin and is caused by a pecu- 
liar plant, seen in Fig. Gl. This j^lant causes ringworm 
in horses Fig. 02 represents a plant which causes 
ringworm in poultry. Most of the domestic animals 




Fig. 61. Parasite causing ringworm in horse. 



are subject to the invasions of this parasite, and I have 
noticed that in damp climates or in unusually wet sea- 
sons, especially in hot weather, the disease is much 
more common than in cold or dry climates or seasons. 
There are several species of vegetable fungi which 
cause skin diseases, each giving symptoms somewhat 
different from. the other, but as they will require about 
the same kind of treatment to destroy the plant, I shall 
describe them all as ringworms. 



172 



DISEASES OF 



The most common form is where the mode of growth 
of the fungi is in the form of circles of greater or less 
regularity. These fungi attach themselves to the skin 
and burrow down into the sheaths of the hairs, causing 
more or less irritation and inflammation. They live and 
develop by absorbing the nutritive elements of the 
skin. Young animals or those poorly nourished are 
more frequently the subjects of the disease than older 
and stronger animals. In calves it is found most fre- 
quently on the eyelids and lips and skin of the neck ; 
rarely on the hind limbs. In horses it is most frequent- 
ly found in the region of the root of the tail, and seems 
to be caused in many cases by the crupper of the har- 
ness carrying the spores or germs of the disease. It is 
quite common in dogs, and may occur in any part of 
the body, causing an intolerable itching. 




Fig. 62. Microscopic appearance of parasite causing ringworm in poultry. 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 173 

Perhaps the worst feature about this disease is that 
children— and sometimes adults— frequently take it from 
the horse, calf or dog. 

Grooming utensils, clothing, harness, etc., often con- 
vey the parasites from one animal to another. I be- 
lieve that at least 10 per cent, of the horses that are 
brought here from the west, become affected with ring- 
worm before they have been here a year. 

Treatraent. — The treatment for ringworm in horses is 
usually not a very difficult matter, yet there are some 
cases that are unusually obstinate. In most cases a few 
applications once a day of Dk. Heard's Mange Cure 
will be sufficient to completely destroy the parasite. It 
should be used full strength, by rubbing a little of the 
salve into the spot with the fingers. In a few days the 
young hairs will be seen sprouting out of the skin. 
This is the proof of cure. If the parasite has burrowed 
down into the hair sheaths and sebaceous follicles, it 
will be more difficult to get at the spores, and the dis- 
ease vnll persist longer and will require a longer treat- 
ment, sometimes for 2 or 3 weeks. But the important 
point is to persist in the treatment without intermission 
until the parasite is destroyed which it will certainly 
be, no matter how severe the case, if the daily applica- 
tion of the mange cure is steadily continued. The treat- 
ment for calves is the same as for horses. 

For dogs the mange cure should be applied twice a 
day by dissolving a tablesi^oonful in a pint of warm 
water and rubbing in with a brush. After the first 
week, once a day will be sufficient. It should be re- 
membered, however, that in dogs the disease is very 
persistent, on account of the spores being deeply imbed- 
ded in the skin. The treatment will sometimes have to 



174 



DISEASES OF 



be continued for a month or six weeks, although I have 
often cured recent cases in 2 or 3 applications I have 
never yet found a case that has resisted this treatment 
when I have personally supervised the applications. 

The utensils and stalls should be thoroughly disin- 
fected by being boiled if possible. The immovable 
parts of the stable fixtures should be well washed with 
hot water and soap and then coated with a solution of 
the Mange Cure — a half pint to two gallons of warm 
water. 

FLIES AND MOSQUITOES. 

In some climates these parasites are exceedingly 
deleterious to the health of domestic animals. In Fig. 
63 we give a picture of the business end of a mosquito, 
in which it will be seen that it is built especially for the 
purpose of boring into tough structures. The sharp 
point^ed dagger is inserted through the skin of many 
animals with the greatest ease. 




Fig. 63. Head of Mosquito showing the sharp proboscis. 

There is a fly known as the grey horse-flj^ in some lo- 
calities as the green-head which is very annoying to 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 175 

horses with sensitive skins. The common fly too is 
very annoying to many animals in the latter part of the 
summer. The annoyance and irritation caused by the 
parasites tend to keep many horses poor in flesh, re- 
duce the amount of milk yeilded by cows, and when 
they are exceedingly numerous, often act as predis- 
posing causes of other and more serious disorders. We 
shall not in this place notice the gad, bot, or grub-fly, 
bat describe each under the heading of the disease it 
causes, 

Treatment. — Keep stable and other buildings where 
animals are housed as dark as possible; use screens to 
prevent the entrance of flies when the windows and 
doors are open. When at work where these pests are 
especially annoying, fly nets may be advantageously 
used. Twigs or the small branches of trees attached 
to parts of the harness are very useful as preventives. 
The application of a solution of walnut tree leaves once 
a week is said to be an excellent preventive. The 
leaves should be boiled for a few minutes; but the ani- 
mals may be simply rubbed with the leaves themselves. 

FLEAS. 

This order of parasite is very annoying to many ani- 
mals. Drawings of the heads of some of them are shown 
in Figs. 64, 65, m and 67. 




Fig. 64. Head of man flea. Fij^, 65. Head of dog 




176 



DISEASES OF 




™fSlv 




Fig. 66. Head of rabbit Ilea. Fig. 67. Head of fowl flea. 

The above illustrations show the heads magnified 30 diameters. 

Treatment. — Dr. Heaed's Mange Cure, applied as di 
reeled. Persian Insect Powder will drive the fleas off^ 
but will not kill them. Kennels should be frequently 
treated with boiling water. The floors should be 
sprinkled with Creoline Powder, which will also drive 
the fleas away. 

CHIGOE—JIGGER— SAND FLEA. 




Fig. 68. Chigoe or sand flea. 



In Fig. 68 we have a representation of this insect, 
which is such a pest to man and animals in Texas, Kan- 
sas, and many Southern States. It attacks sheep, 
goats, horses, mules, cattle, cats, dogs, and pigs and 
chickens are its especial prey. The female of this in- 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



177 



sect penetrates the skin of man or animal, remaining 
imbedded for from three to seven days. It contains 
from 150 to 250 eggs. These are implanted and some- 
times hatched in the pustule that is formed by the irri- 
tation which the parasite sets up. 

Treatment, — To prevent the access of this insect, the 
body should be sponged with a solution of a table- 
spoonful of Dr. Heard's Mange Curb in a gallon of wa- 
ter about twice a week. When the parasite is already 
in the skin and the pustule formed, it should be punc- 
tured with a needle and dressed twice a day with Dr. 
Heard's Healing Lotion. This will prevent the devel- 
opement of the eggs which are nearly always present 
and may cause dangerous symptoms if not destroyed. 




Fig. 60. Head of tick 
enlarged 50 times. 

12 



Fi(?. 70. Dog tick enlarged 
after feeding. 



ig. 71. Dog tick 
natural size 



178 



DISEASES OF 



In Fig. 69 is seen tlie head of one of the ticks, en- 
larged 50 times, and in Fig. 71 is seen a dog tick of 
natural size and in Fig. 70 same enlarged after feeding. 
These parasites do not seem to cause a great amount of 
suffering as nearly all sheep seem to he affected with 
them without ever noticing their presence. Each 
species of domestic animals has its peculiar species of 
tick, each being different from the other. 



LICE. 



Most of these parasites have the mouth arranged so 
as to act as suckers, and many of the species have only 
one claw on each foot, as will be seen on referring to 
Fig. 73. 





Fig. 72. Horse louse. 



Fig. 73, Ox louse. 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



179 






Fig. 74. Sheep louse. 



Fig. 75. Goat louse. 



Fig. 7G. Pig louse. 





Fig. 77. Dog louse. 



Fig. 78. Fowl louse. 



They are propagated by eggs. Tliese are known as 
nits, and in many species of animal are found attached 
to the hair by a gluey substance. 

Symptoms. — All animals reveal the presence of these 
parasites by rubbing and scratching. If long contin- 
ued, the skin will be bare in spots, and a little later 
sores will be produced. Such animals are usually in a 
bad condition, unable to stand a hard days work. 
Long hair, lack of cleanliness, and general debility all 
conduce to the multiplication of lice. 

Treatm,ent. — Cleanliness is a paramount necessity. 



180 DISEASES OF 

In short-haired animals it is comparatively easy to get 
rid of lice. In animals with long hair a cure will be 
greatly expedited if the hair is removed. This will also 
prevent the nits from having a suitable place for depo- 
sition. The use of Dr. Heard's Mange Cure of the 
strength of a tablespoonful to a pint of warm water, will 
kill the lice, but it will be necessary to repeat the treat- 
ment about every 4 days to destroy the parasites that 
have been hatched since the last application. When a 
large number of animals are the subjects of a plague of 
lice, it will be advisable to disinfect the stables or 
buildings by washing either with 5 i3er cent creoline so- 
lution or with pure vinegar once a week for 3 or 4 
weeks. A decoction of 3 punces of tobacco, boiled in a 
quart of water, is also a good remedy when applied 
every 4 days. 

SCAB, ITCH. MANGE. 

These parasites are a very serious scourge to some of 
the domestic animals, especially to sheep. Man is also 
occasionally the subject of this pest, in whom it is quite 
difficult to cure. Drawings of the insects which cause 
mange in the horse, scab in sheep and itch in man are 
seen in Figs. 79, 80 and 81. 

It will be seen that they are all supplied with a boring 
apparatus at the point of the head, and also suckers at 
the ends of the extremities or legs. These suckers are 
especially brought into use when the female enters the 
skin, for only the female enters it. They hold the in- 
sect fast to the skin, and the point of the nose is pushed 
through in much the same way that a mole enters a 
burrow in the ground. Once inside the outer skin, the 
burrowing continues. The eggs are gradually de- 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



181 



posited along the burrow until about 15 have been left 
in the gallery at different intervals, as is seen in Fig. 82 
In from 36 to 100 hours the young insects are hatched 
and begin their work of destruction. There are said to 
be twice as many females hatched as males, which is 
in accordance with the well known law that where the 




Fig. 79. Mange ingect. 
Horse. 



Fig. 80. Scab insect. 
Sheep. 



Fig. 81. Itch insect. 
Man. 




Gallery or burrow under the skin made by the female mange 
parasite (showing eggs along the track of the animal.) 



182 DISEASES OF 

conditions of animal life are favorable, the females al- 
ways outnumber the males. In this case nutrition is in 
abundant supply. The egg's will retain their vital 
properties from 1 day to 3 weeks, depending on the 
temperature after removal from the body. Hence the 
great liability of a recurrence from reinfection after 
the parasites themselves have been destroyed. 

Symptoms. — In all animals the invasion of this insect 
causes intense irritation and prevents ordinary and 
necessary rest. They lose condition and from frequent 
rubbing will soon be covered with sores as the disease 
will extend in various directions. In sheep, hard crusts 
or scabs are soon formed over the spot where the para- 
site is located. The loss from this disease is probably 
not very serious in this country, except in the case of 
sheep in which it is enormous. Many parts of this 
country that are well adapted to raising sheep are al- 
most entirely devoid of this very profitable animal be- 
cause of the difficulty of preventing infection. Many 
farmers in Kansas have informed me that the great 
losses from scab in sheep have compelled them to 
abandon an otherwise profitable industry. 

Treatment. — In mange of the horse the affected 
animal should be isolated. No grooming instrument 
used on the infected animal should be used on the un- 
infected ; neither should the same harness be used. 
The affected horse should be clipped and kept at some 
distance from the stable and the hair burnt. The 
horse should now be well covered with soft soap and 
rubbed with the hand to soften the scabs. At the end 
of 2 hours the animal should receive a thorough scrub- 
bing with a brush and warm water, after which it 
should be dried with whisks of straw or cloth, the latter 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 183 

being burnt, as they will contain both the parasites and 
their eggs. Now a 15 per cent, solution of creoline in 
water should be ap]3lied, and the treatment repeated .5 
days after, two or three times successively ; or the fol- 
lowing application may be used instead : 2 ounces of 
tobacco, boiled in a quart of water for 15 minutes, and 
repeated every 4 or 5 days. As this solution does not 
destroy the vitality of the eggs, and as they hatch out 
in a few days, repetition of the application will destroy 
each new brood. 

Treatment for Scab in Sheep. — When only a few sheep 
are affected, and the invasion is recent, the apj)lication 
3 or 4 times at intervals of 4 or 5 days of the tobacco 
solution mentioned above will be sufficient to effect a 
cure ; but if, as frequently happens, a whole flock be- 
comes infected, the successful treatment will be a 
problem of much greater difficulty, on account of the 
impossibility of isolating those that may be easily cured 
from those in which the disease is deep-seated and hard 
to cure. The following will eradicate the scab from a 
large flock when fully carried out. The most economi- 
cal treatment for a large number of animals will be by 
using a dipping fluid, to make which there are numer- 
ous receipts. The cause of the non-success of most of 
them is that the details of application are rarely carried 
out. If the wool is long it will be much more difficult 
to effect a cure than just after its removal. The sheep 
to be treated should therefore be shorn before the 
treatment is begun. The French use a solution of 
creoline in water in the proportion of 1 pint creoline to 
10 gallons of water aud a pint of glycerine. In Great 
Britain the preparations of arsenic are mostly used, a 
formula of which I will here give. Arsenic 35J ounces. 



184 Diseases of 

sulphate of zinc (commercial) 11 pounds IJ ounces, 
aloes 1 lb. 2 ounces, water, 22 gallons. 

Dissolve the arsenic in 4 gallons of boiling water ; 
also dissolve the aloes and sulphate of zinc in 2 gals, of 
cold water, then gradually mix the 2 solutions, and 
add the remainder of the water. This will not be an 
expensive dipping solution, and is considered sufficient 
for dressing 100 sheep. It does not stain the wool. 
The dipping fluid should be kept continuously warm 
while the dipping is going on. A large tub is required 
for the dipping process, and if a large number are to be 
dij^ped, four men should be employed, one to get the 
sheep as they are required by the men at the tub. Three 
men should be at the bath, two of whom must be sup- 
plied with brushes to scrub the sheep with while 
immersed in the bath. As fast as the sheep are com- 
pletely dipped, they should be passed to another inclo- 
sure, to prevent them from mixing with the undipped. 

No man with sores on his hands should handle 
arsenical preparations. The sheep should be kej^t im- 
mersed in the bath for about 2 minutes, care being taken 
to keej) the nose and mouth out of the solution. A so- 
1 ation of tobacco in the same proportion as recommend- 
ed for mange in the horse is a cheajD and effective dip, 
but it should be repeated 3 or 4 times at intervals of 
about a week. The arsenical bath should be repeated 
in about 2 weeks. The sheep should not be allowed to 
return to the same pasture for G or 8 weeks if the tem- 
perature is at all high. 

WORMS. 

The bots and stomach grubs are the most frequent 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



18^ 



in the horse and are well illnstrated in Fig. 83. The 
origin of the bot is traced to the gad fly, seen in Fig. 
84. 




Fig. 83. BotB 



Fig. 84. Gad fly. 



During the later summer months these flies may be 
seen about the knees and legs of horses at pasture, lay- 
ing their eggs, which are carried into the stomach by 
the horse licking the hair. On arriving in the stomach, 
which is the natural habitat of the grub, they fasten 
themselves to the mucus membrane, and there remain 
for perhaps several months. In some cases they are so 
numerous as to materially interfere with the process of 
digestion, and the horse will lose flesh and suffer undue 
irritation of the stomach. In such cases it will be 
necessary to get them out of the system, for which pur- 
pose Dr. Heard's Worm Powders are an excellent 
remedy. They should be given for 2 or 3 weeks after 
the discovery of the bots. 



186 DISEASES OF 



THE ASCARIDE OR LARGE HORSEWORM. 

This is seen in Fig. 85 and is usually from 4 to 10 
inches long. These worms are sometimes very numer- 
ous in the horse and may give rise to frequent attacks 
of colic, diarrhea and debility. They also 
cause bad condition and predispose to 
disease. It has been estimated that the eggs 
produced by a single female often number 
several millions. They are usually taken 
into the alimentary canal with food and 
water. The treatment will consist in giving 
Dr. Heard's Worm Powders every day for 
ten days, to be followed by 6 drams of 
Barbadoes aloes and 1 dram of ginger made 
into a ball to be given on the tenth night 



CO 

1 after beginning the powders. 
Z OXYURIS, PIN=WORM, THREAD- WORM 

o 

e 

2 . . 

i This worm is very common in horses that 

^ have been pastured on grass in the summer, 

H and is shown in Fig. 86. 

^ These parasites often cause debility and 

.^ loss of flesh, and cannot be got rid of too 
soon, 

IVeatmen/. — Give Heard's Worm Powders 
as directed and on the 5th day after 
beginning the powders, inject into the 
rectum one ounce of turpentine mixed with 
a pint of linseed oil. On the 12th day give 
a ball containinof 6 drams of Barbadoes 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



187 



aloes and 1 dram of ginger after which the horse must 
be allowed to rest two or three days. 




Pig. 86. OxyurlB or horse thread worn. 



DISTOMA HEPATICUM— LIVER-FLUKE. 

B 




Pig. 87. Young fluheworm. Fig. 88. Adult flukeworm. 



188 DISEASES OF 

The disease caused by this parasite is very common 
in some seasons and in some localities. It is peculiar 
to sheep and is known as liver-rot, fluke-disease, sheep 
rot, etc. In Figs.ST and 88 are seen specimens of the para- 
sites with their size and shape. The body is flattened 
and the color is pale-brown. It is peculiar to low, wet 
pastures and wet seasons. Its life-history is very in- 
teresting. It passes a portion of its life in one of the 
snails. As these are found only in moist places, it ex- 
]3lains the cause of the parasite being found onl}- on 
wet pastures or during extraordinary wet seasons. 

Symptoms. — For the fii^st three months after sheej) are 
infected, they will often fatten very fast. This is soon 
followed by diminished appetite and great thirst. 
"Wasting now begins and continues until death occurs 
from anemia, unless the flukes are expelled and conva- 
lescence begins. The latter event usually occurs in 
May or June, but unfortunately most of the diseased 
sheep die before that time. On making an examination 
of the liver of a sheep that has died of this disease the 
flukes will be seen in the bile-ducts of the organ, vary- 
ing in size from the young to the full-grown, as seen in 
Figs. 87 and 88. The losses of sheep from this disease in 
the wdiole w^orld are said to be much gi*eater than those 
from any other known disease. The losses in England in 
one year w'ere estimated at 3,000,000 sheep. 

Treatment. — Sheej) should always be kej^t away from 
wet pastures. As to medicines, the infusion of pine- 
leaves, spruce-leaves, oak-leaves, w^alnut-leaves, lime- 
water, sulphate of iron, and common salt all have their 
special advocates. The two last seem to have the 
preference. 

The experience of most observers has been that when 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



189 



the parasite has once established a foothold in a sheep, 
it is almost useless to attempt to dislodge it. 

STRONQYLUS FILARIA, LUNG-WORM. 

This worm, which is so destructive to young lambs 
and calves, is seen in Figs. 89 and 90. The disease which 
it produces is known as " hose in lambs," white-skin, 
pelt-rot, etc. AVhen the parasites are present in large 
numbers, they cause bronchitis and pneumonia. 



Figs. 89 & 90. Two specimens of strongylus filaria. 



190 DISEASES OF 

Symptoms. — Coughing attracts, early attention; if th^ 
animal is made to move, a fit of coughing is sure to oc- 
cur. There is a thick discharge of mucus from the nos- 
trils, and the worms are often found in it. As the dis- 
ease advances the animal becomes greatly weakened 
and loses condition ; the breathing becomes labored, 
and all the symptoms of pneumonia may be present. 
The animal looks dull and stupid and does not care to 
move. 

Treatment. — To prevent infection, sheep should be 
kept on new pastures. The old pastures on which 
infected sheej) have been kept will contain the eggs of 
the worms, which will reach the lungs after being 
taken in with the food. The fumes of sulphur is about 
the best remedy after the disease has once got a foot- 
hold. The sheej) must be placed in a closed building, 
and a small quantity of sulphur set on fire. This will 
produce hard fits of coughing, during which large 
numbers of the worms will be expelled. The animals 
must not remain in the sulphurous atmosphere more 
than ten minutes, as there is danger of suffocation. 
Another good remedy is the following : Oil of tar 1 oz., 
oil of turpentine 1 oz., sweet oil 6 ozs. Give 10 to 20 
drops in the nostrils daily. 

CENURUS CEREBRALIS. 

This worm produces the disease in sheep known as 
Gid, Turn-Sick, Hydatid on the Brain. The cenurus 
cerebralis is the cystic form of the tenia cenurus, which 
is one of the common tape-worms of the dog. In Fig. 
91 is seen a cyst containing a number of the eggs of 
this worm. These cysts are found in the brain, and are 
the cause of the curious symptoms seen in gid. In Fig. 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



191 



92 is seen the fully developed tape-worm as found in 
the dog. The eggs from the cyst are taken in by dogs 




Fig. 91. CjBt containing eggs of cenurus cerebralis. 




Fig. 92 Tenia cenurus, a dog tapeworm. 



192 DISEASES OF 

when devouring the head of the sheep, and the contin- 
uation of the development produces the tenia cenurus 
or dog tape-worm. As the worm developes, the eggs are 
voided by the dog. They are voided in great num- 
bers and are distributed on the grass over which the 
dog has passed. The sheep eat them with the grass, 
and in this way the parasite gains access to the internal 
organs. 

Symptoms. — In from 8 to 20 days after the parasite 
has reached the brain, signs of congestion appear ; the 
head is carried lower or higher than usual and to one 
side ; the animal performs forward movements to the 
right or left, in a circle, or it rotates in one spot — going 
round as if on a pivot. In some cases the animal acts 
as if intoxicated, and frequently stumbles and falls. 
It will keep by itself and shun other sheep. In some 
cases it goes straight forward, lifting the head and 
feet higher than usual. The symptoms will vary accord- 
ing to the situation in the brain that the parasite oc- 
cupies; we may have partial or complete paralysis. 

Treatment — We shall not recommend any treatment 
for cases in which gid has already developed, but must 
be content to advise that the heads of sheep that have 
died from it should be burnt ; and in fact the heads of 
sheep should never be fed to dogs. If this rule was 
carefully observed, the species of cenurus cerebralis 
would soon become extinct. 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



193 



THE ADMINISTRATION OP MEDICINES. 



There are various methods of administering medi- 
cines to the domestic animals, depending on the nature 
of the medicine to be given and the species of animal 
to which it is proposed to give it. 

Liquid medicines are given to the horse mostly by 
the mouth, sometimes by the rectum and in some cases 
by injecting it under the skin. In Fig. 93 is seen a 




13 



Fig. 98. AdminiBterlDg a drench. 



194 DISEASES OF 

picture of a man in the act of giving a dose of liquid 
medicine by the mouth. It will be seen that one man 
is holding up the head of the animal by placing a loop 
of rope or a leather strap in the mouth and then insert- 
ing one of the prongs of a fork and holding up the 
mouth to the height desired ; the other man is seen 
standing on a box holding a bottle so that the contents 
will slowly flow into the mouth of the horse to be 
drenched. One or two warnings must be given here. 
Don't drench the horse through the nostrils. If the 
horse gives a cough while being drenched, lower the 
head immediately. Not more than 2 fluid ounces should 
be placed in the mouth at once and see that the animal 
swallows that before getting another two ounces. The 
throat should not be squeezed to make the animal 
swallow. Don't hold the tongue while drenching. 
Don't be in too much hurry to get the bottle or drench- 
ing horn emptied. This is a very simple way of giving 
bulky medicines that are in a liquid state and the most 
of our best medicines for the common diseases such as 
colic, chills and indigestion can only be given in this 
form. Oatmeal gruel and linseed tea or milk and eggs 
for nutriment can often be advantageously given by 
this method. In lock-jaw or other diseases where 
drenching is not x^racticable the medicines may be 
given by being injected into the rectum with the syringe 
seen in Fig. 94. Cows may be drenched by having an 



Fig. 94. Syringe for rectal injections. 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 195 

assistant steady the head by holding the horn and nos- 
trils and using a bottle or drenching horn. 

Dogs can be made to take liquid medicine by simply 
holding the mouth open and allowing it to drop down- 
ward toward the gullet. 

Whenever the properties of the medicines will allow 
it, for dogs and horses their administration in pill form 
will be most desirable for many reasons. The reason 
that this is not more commonly done in the case of 
horses is the fear of having the hand crushed. This 
can be very readily overcame by the use of the little 
instrument seen in Fig. 95 called a " mouth speculum,'* 




Fig. 95. Mouth speculum. 



196 DISEASES OF 

which is inexpensive and will last a lifetime. This 
should be placed in the mouth, the tongue held with the 
left hand and the ball between the thumb and first and 
second fingers of the right hand ; this should now be 
passed back through the round opening in the mouth 
speculum toward the throat, going right back over the 
tongue and leaving the ball as near the throat as pos- 
sible. After trying this two or three times anyone may 
become proficient and rarely make a mistake. To give 
pills to dogs the mouth should be held well open and 
the pill dropped as far back towards the throat as pos- 
sible and the mouth closed for a minute or two. 



DOMESTIC AKIMALS. 19'( 



TABLE OF DISEASES AND THEIR 
REMEDIES. 



Abortion. — Isolate aborting from pregnant animals 
Burn or bury fetus and afterbirth. 

Abscess — Fomentations of hot water ; poultices ; 
Heard's American Embrocation ; use the knife as early 
as possible to evacuate the pus after which inject and 
dress with Heard's Healing Lotion. 

Actinomycosis. — Fatten the animal and send to the 
butcher as early as possible, but destroy all diseased 
parts. 

Anemia. — Tonics ; iron and arsenic, gentian, quinine, 
Heard's Condition Powders, good air; clip long coated 
horses ; phosphate of lime in growing animals. Two 
ounces of linseed oil a day until the bowels are slightly 
relaxed. 

Anthrax. — Inoculation with attenuated virus as a 
preventive. Burn or bury deeply all animals that die of 
the disease and remove all young stock from the same 
pasture. Disinfect freely with corrosive sublimate. 

Aphtha — Thrush — Vesicles in mouth. — Wash out 
mouth three times a day with a solution of borax, a 
teaspoonful in a half j^int of water. Give lime water or 
solution of bicarbonate of soda to drink. Mix a little 
linseed with bran mashes for food. 



198 DISEASES OF 

Apoplexy parturient; see Milk Fever. 
Arthritis— Inflammation of joints — Synovitis. — 

Hot fomentations, poultices mixed with Heard's American 
Embrocation, perfect rest; Heard's American Embroca- 
tion well rubbed in and a bandage applied to cause a 
blister. Place horse in slings if very lame. Internally : 
cathartic ball ; if pain is very great a half a bottle of 
Heard's Magic Mixture twice a day; chloral. 

Ascarides ; see Worms. 

Asthma in horses; see broken wind. 

Azoturia. — Aloes cathartic ball, frequent injections 
of warm water. If very much excited give a bottle of 
Heard's Magic Mixture. Saltpetre in large doses three 
times a day. Kemove urine with catheter, apply Heard's 
American Embrocation to loins. Place animal in slings. 
Give very little food for two or three days. 

Black-leg. — Prevent by keeping young cattle and 
sheep out of infected pastures. Burn or deeply bury 
all animals that die of this disease. 

Bladder irritable. — ^Linseed tea, change diet ; bi- 
carbonate of soda, iodide of potassium, sulphate of iron. 

Bog spavin. — Kest ; Heard's American Embrocation; 
high heeled shoe; hot fomentations if very lame. Truss 
in young animals. 

Boils see Abscess. 

Bots. — Heard's Worm Powders as directed on the 
box. 

Broken wind — Heard's Condition Powders; give 
only a small quantity of hay; allow only small quantity 
of water immediately before hard work. 

Bronchitis. — Keep surface of body warm with extra 
clothing and bandages. Heard'd American Embrocation 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 199 

to front and sides of chest three times a day. Give 
following ball; quinine 1 dram, nitrate of potash 4 drams, 
tartar emetic 1 dram, to be repeated three times a day 
until the fever has disappeared. 

Bruises. — Hot water fomentations, the application of 
Heard's American Embrocation. 

Burns and Scalds. — Heard's Healing Lotion ; Vase- 
line ; Lime water. 

Capped Hock. — Prevent kicking ; Heard's American 
Embrocation; use high-heeled shoe ; ointment of bini- 
odide of mercury. 

Capped Elbow. — If large and recent evacuate fluid 
from bottom surface and keep open until healed inside, 
dress twice a day by injecting a little of Heard's Healing 
Lotion. The application of Heard's American Embro- 
cation cures slight cases. Prevent the horse from 
lying down by securing to a high ring in the front of 
the stall until cured. 

Caries. — Remove diseased bone, and dress with 
Heard's Healing Lotion twice a day. 

Cataract. — Incurable except by difficult operation. 

Cerebro-spinal Meningitis.— see Spinal Meningitis 

Choking. — External pressure over the obstruction ; 
give linseed oil ; use new rope or probang. 

Colic Flatulent Heard's Magic Mixture ; Injec- 
tions of warm water and soap ; tapping abdominal con- 
tents with trochar ; Hot fomentations long continued 
to abdomen, bicarbonate of soda in solution. 

Colic — Spasmodic. — Heard's Magic Mixture, injec- 
tions of warm water and soap ; hot fomentations to ab- 
domen, application of Heard's American Embrocation, 
to abdomen. 



200 DISEASES OF 

Constipation. — Aloes Cathartic ball ; Linseed oil ; 
Injections of warm water and soap. Give soft food. 

Corns in feet. — Api)ly bar shoe ; soak feet in soak- 
ing tub of hot water for 4 hours a day ; blisters to coro- 
net ; apply Heard's Hoof Liniment to hoof to get the 
horn healthy. 

Cough. — Heard's Condition Powders ; restrict the 
quantity of hay to less than 8 lbs. a day. Baking 
soda in the drinking water. Clip horses with long 
coats. 

Crib-biting. — Apply strap to neck ; use iron stall 
fittings; apply muzzle. 

Curb. — Heard's American Embrocation, firing and 
blistering ; hdgh heeled shoe ; rest while lame. 

Debility. — Heard's Tonic Condition Powders: Sul- 
phate of iron ; Fowlers' solution, quinine, generous diet 
that is easily digested, as milk, oatmeal drinks and lin- 
seed tea. 

Diabetes. — Polyurea: Bicarbonate of soda; iron and 
iodine. Change food. 

Diarrhea. — Bicarbonate of soda; chalk; gum cate- 
chu; laudanum; restrict the quantity of water, when 
obstinate, try beef tea, milk and eggs. 

Dislocations. — Eeplace bones in their natural posi- 
tion. Ketain in place by splints, bandages and blisters. 
Keduce surrounding inflammation by hot fomentations 
and Heard's American Emrrocation. Sling if neces- 
sary. 

Distemper. — See Influenza. 

Dropsy. — Nitrate of potash in large doses, hot fo- 
mentations, and scarifications with a lancet. Allow 
very little food until recovery is advanced. As soon as 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 201 

kidneys act briskly give iron and the vegetable tonics : 
Heard's Condition Powders. 

Eczema. — Heard's Dermal Liniment; Extract of 
witch-liazel ; solution of borax; infusion of arnica root; 
glycerine, Internally, Heard's Condition Powders. 

Emphysema. — This is a swelling filled with a gas. 
Puncture, hot fomentations, Heard's American Embroca- 
tion. 

Emphysema of Lungs. — See Broken Wind. 

Epizootic. — See Influenza. 

Erysipelas. —Use Heard's Healing Lotion locally 
and poultices where practicable, also hot fomentations. 
Internally, stimulants and tonics. 

Farcy — See Glanders. 

Fever. — Quinine in large doses ; nitrate of potash, 
alcohol ; keep on very low diet until the high tempera- 
ture has disappeared. 

Fistula. — Lay open sinus with knife or iron heated 
to a white heat ; insert seton, dress with Heard's Healing 
Lotion ; prevent the animal from rubbing or other- 
wise irritating it. Inject strong solution of corrosive 
sublimate, when obstinate, slough out walls of sinus 
with plug of corrosive sublimate. 

Fleas. — Heard's Mange Cure; Persian insect powder, 
pine saw-dust bed for dogs. 

Foot rot in Sheep. — Eemove loose horn ; powdered 
sulphate of zinc dressings, strong bichloride of mercury 
solution, dress feet at least three times a week. 

Founder. — See Laminitis. 

Fractures. — See Index. 

Frost bites. — See Scratches. 

Garget. — See Mammitis. 



202 DISEASES or* 

Glanders and Farcy. — Destroy animal and isolate 
all suspected cases, and report to local liealtli authori- 
ties. This disease is also dangerous to man. 

Hematuria. — Salts of iron, iodide of potassium, bi- 
carbonate of soda, arsenic, injections of warm water and 
soap, Heard's Condition Powders, feed on good nu- 
tritious diet. 

Hemorrhage. — Apply bandages where practicable, 
oakum soaked in strong bichloride of mercury solu- 
tions, extract of witch-hazel, opium, continaous pres- 
sure in the neighborhood of the wound. Actual cautery. 

Hernia. — Treated by operations an i bandages where 
recent. 

Hydrophobia. — See Rabies. 

Indigestion. — Soda bicarbonate, iodide of potassium 
tartar emetic, calomel, injections of warm water and 
soap. Heard's Condition Powders. If pain is present 
give Heard's Magic Mixture. 

Inflammation. — Internally. Small doses of aconite, 
in the early stage, bleeding in acute cases, belladonna, 
tartar emetic, cathartics, nitrate of j)otash. 

Externally. Hot fomentations followed by Heard's 
American Embrocation. 

Influenza. — Internal; quinine, nitrate of potash, 
antipyrine, acetanelid, chlorate of potash, whiskey; ex- 
ternal, Heard's American Embrocation to the throat, 
plenty of warm clothing and bandages to the legs. 
Diet ; good nourishing food as milk, linseed tea, small 
quantity of oats when the temperature becomes nearly 
normal. 

Laminitis. — Internally ; Barbadoes aloes, nitrate of 
potash, tartar emetic, salicylate of soda. Externally 
Remove shoes, soak feet in a soaking tub full of hot 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 203 

water, apply poultices to feet; if chronic, blister coronet, 
subsequently apply bar shoe. 

Lampas. — Scarify with lancet,apply astringent lotion. 

Laryngitis, — See Sore throat. 

Lice. — Heard's Mange Cure, tobacco water, cleanli- 
ness. 

Lock-jaw. — Large doses of cathartics and nitrate of 
potash, chloral, keep patient perfectly quiet, blisters to 
spine. 

Lung fever. — See Pneumonia. 

Lymphangitis — Give cathartic ball, chlorate of pot- 
ash, bicarbonate of soda. Externally, hot fomentations 
followed by Heard's Ameri<jan Embrocation. After two 
or three days give gentle exercise and Heard's Condition 
Powders. 

Mammitis. — Hot fomentations and poultices to ud- 
der, followed by Heard's Americ.\n Embrocation, milk 3 
or 4 times a day. Internally; cathartic medicine. Give 
very little food in the active stages of the disease. 

Mange — Wash and apply Heard's Mange Cure as 
directed. Internally. Heard's Condition Powders. 

Milk Fever. — Bleeding, large dose of epsom salts, 
ergot, cold i^ack to spine, aconite, belladonna, chloral, 
aloes, spirits nitre, whiskey. 

Moon Blindness. — Cathartic medicine, chloride of 
ammonium, calomel. Application to eye of Heard's 
Moon Eye Lotion. 

Mud Fever. — Internal. Cathartic medicine; bicar- 
bonate of soda; followed by Heard's Condition Powders. 



204 DISEASES OF 

External. Heard's Healing Lotion; poultices of linseed 
meal. 

Navicular Disease. — Kemove slioes; rest; soaking 
feet in cold water; cold water swabs: blisters to coronet; 
neurotomy. 

Necrosis. — Remove dead bone; application of 
Heard's Healing Lotion. 

Open Joints. — Internal. Cathartics and nitrate of 
potasb, tartar emetic. External, rest; hot fomentations 
and poultices and antiseptic injections, cold water irri- 
gation; blister. 

Ophthalmia. — See Moon-blindness. 

Over-reach. — Hot fomentations; poultices; Heard's 
American Embrocation. 

Paralysis. — Strychnia; jootassium iodide; sulphate 
of iron; friction to the spine and an application of 
Heard's American Embrocation ; easily digested food. 

Palpitation of Heart. — Belladonna; aconite; digi- 
talis. 

Peritonitis. — Local hot fomentation; poultices: ap- 
plication of Heard's American Ebrocation. Internally; 
aconite; chloral; opium; colomel; digitalis; injections 
of warm water in the rectum. 

Pharyngitis. — See Sore Throat. 

Periostitis. — Rest; hot fomentations and the appli- 
cation of Heard's American Embrocation ; cathartic ball. 

Pleurisy. — Internal. Calomel; tartar emetic ; nitrate 
of potash; digitalis; nux vomica; bleeding. Externally; 
applications to the sides of mustard made into a paste 
by the addition of Heard's American Emrocation ; poul- 
tices to chest; plenty of surface clothing. 

Pneumonia. — Quinine; whiskey; calomel, nitrate of 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 205 

potash ; linseed oil in 4 oz. doses if the bowels are cos- 
tive; cami^hor, plenty of drinking water ; if much de- 
bility, give milk diet ; enemas of warm water 3 times a 
day; the application of Heard's American Embrocation 3 
times a day to the chest and sides. Heard's Condition 
Powders to build up the system when recovering. 

Pumiced foot. — see page 141. 

Purpura Hemorrhagica. — Nitrate of Potash; sul- 
phate of iron; suli^liate of soda; calomel; ergot; spirits 
of turpentine; whiskey; application of hot fomentations; 
diluted embrocation; plenty of fresh air; milk diet; in- 
jections of hot water if bowels are costive. 

Quitter. — Lay sinus open and allow perfectly free 
drainage; inject carbolic acid solution twice daily. 

Rabies. — Pasteur inoculations with attenuated virus 
as a preventive. 

Rheumatism. — Internally, Salicylate of soda; calomel; 
tartar emetic; colchicum; nitrate of potash; bicarbonate 
of potash ; antipyrin ; when chronic ; quinine ; arsenic ; 
Heard's Condition Powders. Externally, Heard's Amer- 
ican Embrocation; hot fomentations; poultices; blisters. 

Ringbone. — In early stages Heard's American Embro- 
cation; firing and blistering. 

Ringworm. — Disinfect brushes, clothing, harness, 
and articles that come in contact with the parts affected. 
Heard's Mange Cure ; tincture of iouine. 

Roaring. — To relieve distressed breathing after vio- 
lent exercise give Heard's Condition Powders. 

Spinal Meningitis. — Place in slings; linseed oil; 
hypo-sulphite of soda; nitrate of potash; muriate of am- 
monia; injections; mustard blister to spine. 

Saddle Galls.— Apply properly fitting saddles and if 
the skin is broken Heard's Healing Lotion. If skin 



206 DISEASES OF 

is swollen and inflamed and not broken apply diluted 
Embrocation one part to 4 of water. 

Scab in Sheep. — Blue Mercurial ointment or the 
sheep dip recommended in the article on Scab. 

Side bone. — Rest; fire aud blister. 

Sore shins. — Rest; hot fomentations; Heard's 
American Embrocation. Cathartic ball. 

Sore throat. — ^Poultices to throat; Heard's American 
Embrocation; nitrate of potash; camphor; swab inside 
of throat with solution of chlorate of potash. Tar and 
licorice paste on tongue. 

Spavin-bone. — Fire and blister. 

Spavin-bog. — Heard's American Embrocation. 

Splint. — When causing lameness, fire and blister and 
rest. 

Speedycut. — Hot fomentations; Heard's American 
Embrocation; open abscesses if they are formed; lessen 
the quantity of work. 

Sprains. — Hot fomentations; Heard's American Em- 
brocation ; if back tendons are sprained, use shoe 
with very high heel calks. 

Staggers. — Bleeding; cathartic ball ; Heard's Condi- 
tion Powders. 

Strangles. — External. Poultices to throat and 
swellings; Heard's American Embrocation; open ab- 
scess when ripe. Internal same as for Influenza. 

Synovitis. — See Open Joint. 

Tetanus. — See Lock Jaw. 

Thoroughpin. — Dr. Heard's American Embrocation; 
firing and blistering, 

Thrush in Feet — Heard's Healing Powders. Ca- 
thartic ball. 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 207 

Udder.— Inflammation of. Hot fomentations; 
Heard's American Embrocation; if abscess forms it 
must be opened. 

Uterus.— Inflammation of. Woolen clothes wrung 
out in hot water, and placed under abdomen and over 
the loins followed by application of Heard's American 
Embrocation. Cathartic medicine. 

Warts.— Eemove with knife or ligature. 

Windgalls. — Heard's American Embrocation and 
bandages. 

Worms.— Dr. Heard's Worm Powders. 

Wounds. — Heard's Healing Lotion; bandages; and 
touch proud flesh with sulphate of zinc. 



-J../. 



208 



DISEASES OF 



TABLE OF MEDICINES AND THEIR 
DOSES. 

The doses given are for an ordinary sized horse of 
three years old and upwards. Under three years, the 
dose will have to be lessened according to the age, de- 
creasing the dose so that from 1 J to 3 years, the quantity 
should be about one-half ; from 9 to 18 months, J the 
dose mentioned. 



Acacia gum, 2 to 6 oe. 

Acetanilid, >^ to 2 drams. 

Acid Acetic (diluted) 1 to 3 oz. 

Acid Arsenious (Arsenic) 2 to 8 grs. 

Acid Boracic, 1 to 3 dr. 

Acid Carbolic, 3^ to 1>2" dr. 

Acid Hydrochloric, (dil.) 1 to 3 dr. 

Acid Tannic yiioiyi dr. 

Aconite (Tincture) 20 drops to 1 dr. 

Aconitine >^ to 1 gr. 

Aether (Sulphuric) 1 to IK oz. 

Aether Nitrous (Spirits of Nitre. ^ 

to 3 0Z8. 

Alcohol 1 to 3 ozs. 

Aloes (barbadoes) 4 to 8 drs. 

Aloin y^ to 2 dr. 

Alum Sulphate 2 to 5 drs. 

Ammonia : Aromatic spirits % to 

l>^OZB. 

Ammonia Chloride 2 to 6 drs. 
Anise Seed )^ to IK ozs. 
Antimony: Black 1 to 3 drs. 
Antipyrine K to 3 drs. 
Antif ebrine K to 3 drs. 
Areca Nut K to IK ozs. 
Arsenic 2 to 8 grs. 
Atropine sulphate K to 2 grs. 



Belladonna (extract) K to IK drs. 
Borax 2 to 6 drs. 
Bicarbonate of Soda 1 to 8 dra. 
Calomel K to 4: drs. ' 
Camphor 1 to 4 drs. 
Cantharides 2 to 16 grs. 
Capsicum 10 to 30 grs. 
Caraway seeds 2 to 8 drs. 
Carbolic acid K to IK drs. 
Carbonate of Ammonia K to 3 dra. 
Carbonate of Iron 1 to 4 drs. 
Carbonate of Magnesia 1 to 6 drs. 
Cascara Segrada 20 to 40 grs. 
Catechu 1 to 8 drs. 
Chalk 2 to 8 drs. 
Chloral Hydrate K to 2 ozs. 
Chloroform K to 1 oz. 
Chlorate of Potash K to 1 oz. 
Colchicum K to 3 drs. 
Cod Liver Oil 1 to 4 ozs, 
Croton Oil 5 to 20 drops. 
Copper Sulphate K to 2 drs. 
Cream of Tartar 1 to 4 ozs. 
Creolin 1 to 4 drs. 
Digitalin }i to 1 gr. 
Digitalis K to 2 drs. 
Elaterium 10 to 30 grs. 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



209 



Ergot >^ to 1 oz. 

Eserine Sulphate >^ to 3 gri. 

Ether Sulphuric K to 1 oz. 

Fenegerio K to 1 oz. 

Fowlers Solution >i to 1 OB. 

Gentian 2 to 8 drs. 

Ginger 1 to 4 drs. 

Glycerine 1 to 4 ozs. 

Hyoscymus Extract l>i to 4 drs. 

Hyoscymine 1 to 3 grs. 

Iodine 10 to 30 grs. 

Iodide of Iron 1 to 3 drs. 

Iodide of Potash yi to 2 dri. 

Ipecacuanha 1 to 2, drs. 

Jaborandi K to 1 oz. 

Jalap >^ to 2 ozs. 

Kino 1 to 3 drs. 

Linseed Oil 4 oz to 1 quart. ' 

Liquor Arsenical] s >s to 1 oz. 

Magnesia Sulphate ^ to >^ lb. 

Morphine 3 to 10 grs. 

Nicotine 2 to 6 grs. 

Nitre (Saltpetre) >^ to 2 ozs. 

Nux Vomica 20 to 60 grs. 

Opium powdered 1 to 2 drs. 

14 



Pepsin ^ to 2 drs. 
Phosphorous K to 2 grs. 
Phenacetin 2 to 4 drs. 
Peppermint Oil 15 to 30 drops. 
Pilocarpine 2 to 5 grs* 
Podophylin 10 to 30 grs. 
Potash Nitrate (Saltpetre) H to 2 ozs. 
Potash Bromide of 2 to 6 drs. 
Potash Iodide >^ to 2 drs. 
Prussic Acid (diluted) K to 1 dr. 
Quinine >^ to 3 drs. 
Besin >^ to 1 oz. 
Rhubarb }i to 1 oz. 
Santonin 10 to 40 grs. 
Salicylic Acid 1 to 3 drs. 
Salicylate of soda 1 to 4 drs. 
Strychnia ^^ to 3 grs. 
Tartar Emetic Iz to 6 drs. 
Turpentine Spirits ^i to 2 ozs. 
Tincture of Aconite 20 drops to 1 dr. 
Tincture of Opium Laudanum) >i 

to 2 ozp. 
Tincture of Belladonna % to 2oeb. 
Valerian Boot 2 to 12 drs. 



DE. HEAKD'S preparations all keep perfectly 
good for any length of time. 

« 
All questions relating to the use of these medicines 

will be cheerfully answered by mail. In fact, Dr. 

Heard wishes his patrons to communicate with him 

whenever they are in doubt about the treatment of any 

given case. 

If your Harness or Drug store does not keep a 
supply on hand it is because they wish to run off an 
inferior preparation on which they reap a larger j)rofit, 
but remember that it always pays the consumer to buy 
the best. 

Dr. Heard will ship his preparations to any address 
on receii)t of the advertised price, with a liberal dis- 
count on large orders. 

Local Agents wanted everywhere for Dr. Heard's 
Books and Veterinary Preparations. 



IIsTIDEX:. 



Page. 

Abortion 25 

" causes of 27 

Abscess 149 

of jaw 72 

Actinomycossi 78 

Administration of medicines I93 

After birtb 30 

Anchylosis of joints 15 

" of hock joint I5 

Arthritis 80 

Ascarides 18g 

Bar-shoe 141 

Big head in cattle 78 

" " in horses , 131 

Billings on Abortion 25 

Bladder, catarrh of the 125 

" stone in the 126 

Bleeding, to stop 142 

Blood, death of 131 

Boils 149 

Bones of old animals 75 

Bots 184 

Breaking of colts 43 

Breathing, normal IO7 



212 INDEX. 

Breeding • • 9 

aim of 10 

" general principles of 12 

" valuable rule for 14 

Broken wind 112 

« " inherited 16 

Bronchitis 106 

" sounds in 108 

Bruising , 152 

Calculi in the bladder 126 

Capped elbow 151 

" hock 151 

Carriage horses 50 

Cataract, inherited 16 

Cenurus cerebralis 190 

Chigoe 176 

Choking 113 

Climate, influence on breeding 24 

Clipping 55 

Colic, flatulent 117 

" si^asmodic 119 

Colt breaking 43 

Colt ill 87 

Consummation 96 

Contagious diseases 87 

Contracted heels 156 

Corns 161 

Cough of sore throat 103 

Cracked heels 147 

Curb 153 

" inherited 16 

Day William 25 & 51 

Pel warts truss , . . . . 32 



INDEX. ^18 

Diabetes 123 

Diarrhoea 121 

** inherited 17 

Diseases 67 

" and remedies, table of 197 

contagious 87 

" of bones 58 

in joints 80 

Dislocation of joints 83 

ofpatella 83 

reduction of 85 

Distemper 87 

Distoma hepaticum 187 

Dog tapeworm 191 

Drop sole 141 

Drugs and their doses 208 

Eczema 150 

Electione'er 13 

Epizootic 87 

Eye diseases 136 

Farcy 100 

Feet, fever in 138 

imperfections of 17 

large (inherited) 18 

management of 155 

of ancestors of the horse 154 

small (inherited) 17 

wounds of 14G 

Fetus, presentation of 34 

Fistula 148 

Fits ; 134 

Flatulent colic 117 



214 INDEX. 

Fleas 175 

Flies 174 

Foaling 29 

Food 52 

" cooking 53 

Foot 153 

" testing for soundness ICl 

" with convex sole 141 

Founder 138 

Fractures 71 

" of tlie lower jaw 71 

of ilium 74 

" of bones of limbs 75 

Frost-bites 147 

Gad-fly 185 

Germ of lock-jaw 98 

Gid in sheep 190 

Glanders 100 

Granulations 145 

Grooming 54 

Hackney 11 

Hambletonian, Rysdyks 13 

Healing of wounds 144 

Heart-beats 107 

Heart disease 135 

Heaves 112 

HemorrUage 142 

" inherited 17 

Heredity 12 

Horse-ail 87 

Hose in lambs 189 

Inflammation of the lungs « » • . • 106 



INDEX. 215 

Influenza 87 

Inversion of uterus , 31 

Itch 180 

Jigger 176 

Joints, anchylosis of, inherited 15 

" diseases of 80 

" inflammation of 80 

" open 82 

" tuberculosis of 97 

Kidney, diseases of 123 

Knee action, loss of _ 55 

Laminae, folds of 139 

Laminitis 138 

Lehndorff 22 

Lice 178 

Liver disease 122 

Liver fluke 187 

Lock-jaw 97 

Lump-jaw 78 

Lung fever 106 

Lung worm 189 

Lymphangitis 128 

Management of horses 52 

stable 52 

food 52 

Mange 180 

Measles form of influenza 91 

" treatment of 96 

Medicines, giving to horses 193 

Medicines and their doses 20S 

Molar teeth 165 

Monstrosities 38 



2l^ fattt. 

Moon-blindness ..... ^ ........... ^ ...•.-.-....' . 187 

Moon-eye ...;.....;;;;....;........ 137 

Mosquitoes .... ; . ; . .^ ^ 174 

Mouth-speculum ... ^ 169 

" examination of . . . . 1G9 

Navicular disease, inherited 18 

Nervous organization 23 

Normal presentation 34 

Oedema, inflammatory 128 

Open joints 82 

Ophthalmia — constitutional 137 

inherited 18 

Ossification of lateral cartilages 70 

Ostitis, inherited 19 

Oxyuris 186 

Palo Alto 13 

Parasites 170 

Parturition 29 

" symptoms of 29 

Patella, dislocation of 83 

Pink-eye 87 

" treatment of 95 

Pin worm 186 

Placenta 30 

Pleurisy Ill 

Pneumonia 106 

Polyurea 124 

Pregnancy, duration of 28 

Prepotency 13 

Presentation, normal 34 

" in normal twin pregnancy 34 

Presentation, fore limbs bent at knee 39 



tNDE^ '111 

Presentation, fore limbs bent back under 40 

Presentation, head turned back 41 

hind feet 35 

hock 42 

Proud flesh 145 

Pulse 107 

Punctured foot a cause of lock-jaw 98 

Purpura hemorrhagica 131 

Quarter crack 162 

King bone 67 

inherited 20 

Kickets inherited 19 

Ringworm 171 

Rheumatism 126 

" in limbs 127 

inherited 19 

Roaring 105 

" inherited 20 

Roberge's spring for the cure of contraction. . 159 

Rysdyks hambletonian 13 

Scab in sheep 180 

" treatment for 183 

Scours 121 

Scratches 147 

Shoe boil 151 

Shoe for convex sole 141 

Shoe, expanding, for contraction 160 

Side bone 70 

'• inherited 20 

Side lines 49 

Skin, inflammation of ... , 150 

Sleepy staggers , 115 



218 INDEX. 

Slings 77 

Sore shins 58 

" inherited 19 

Sore throat 103 

Spasmodic colic 119 

Spavin, bone C2 

" " inherited 20 

Si)eedy-cut 152 

Splints 60 

Sprains : 151 

Stable '. 52 

Staggers 134 

" inherited 21 

Stomach staggers 115 

Stone in the bladder 126 

Stoppage of the bowels 121 

Strains 151 

Strongylus filaria 189 

Sutures for wounds 143 

Tapping, operation of 118 

Tearing the clothing, remedy for 54 

Teeth 164 

" cutting 164 

" growth and wear , 168 

" molar 165 

" needing filing 166 

" ulceration of 169 

Temper, inherited 22 

Temperature of the horse 107 

Tenia cenurus or dog tapeworm 191 

Tetanus 97 

Thermometer, manner of using 108 



INDEX 219 

Thread worm 18(] 

Throwing horses 49 

Ticks 177 

Tips 162 

Tooth rasp , 167 

Tracheaotomy 93 

" tube 94 

Training of colts 43 

Tuberculosis 96 

Tumors of skin I49 

Twin pregnancy 34 

Urination profuse 124 

Uterus, inversion of 31 

" twisted 37 

Variation 23 

Warts 149 

Water bag 39 

Weed 128 

Wind colic ,. II7 

Windgalls I53 

Wolf's teeth 164 

Worms 184 

Wounds 142 



HOW TO OBTAIN ADVICE ON ANY 

DISEASE WHERE THE SERVICES OF 

A VETERINARIAN ARE DIFFICULT 

TO OBTAIN. 

If the animal is sick give the details of symptoms in 
answer to the following questions : 

What species of animal? 

Ma'e or female? 

AgV? 

How long sick ? 

Is appetite good or bad ? 

What kind of labor has it been used at? 

How many respirations (times of breathing) in a 
minute ? 

Is there any cough and if so how long have you 
noticed it ? 

Does the animal drink the average quantity of water ? 

Are the bowels working all right ? 

If you have a thermometer take the temperature of 
the patient and report the same. 

Are there any swellings on any part of the animal, 
and if so, where ? 

Have you examined the mouth and found anything 
wrong with the teeth ? 

How has the animal been fed for the past three 
months? and describe fully any other symptoms that 
may be noticeable, and enclose one dollar addressed to 

DR. J. M. HEARD, H.R.C.V.S. 

119 West 56th St., New York City, 

N. Y. 



APPENDIX. 

TO GET ADVICE ON LAMENESS SEND 
FULL ANSWERS TO THE FOL- 
LOWING QUESTIONS. 

Age of horse ? 

How long lame and in which limb ? 

Do you notice any swelling, and if so where? 

Did you first notice the animal lame while at work or 
when being taken out of the stable ? 

Does the animal get better or worse when exercised ? 

Is it more noticeable when going up or down hill ? 

Is there any tenderness on pressing any part of the 
limb, and if so, at what part ? 

How has the horse been managed since you first 
noticed the lameness ? 

Has any treatment been applied to get rid of the 
disease and if so, what ? 



By forwarding answers to the above questions, 
and enclosing One Dollar addressed to 

DR. J. M. HEARD, M.R.C.V.S. 

119 West 56th St., New York City. 

N. Y. 

Advice as to the best method of treatment will be 
forwarded by return majl. 



APPENDIX. 






i 




^ 



Month Speculum. 



APPENDIX. 

INSTRUMENTS THAT ARE ABSOLUTELY 

NECESSARY TO ALL STOCK 

OWNERS. 

One of the most serviceable of all instruments is the 
Syringe seen on the opposite page ; it is in frequent 
demand for giving injections of warm water and soap 
in a great many diseases. The price of this syringe, 
which holds 36 ounces is $3.50. 

Thermometer. — This is a very important instrument 
for taking the animal's temperature and is a great aid 
in making a diagnosis. Before using, see that the top 
of the column of mercury is below the figure 100. Now 
place thermometer in the rectum, bulb end first, and 
allow it to remain in four minutes, remove the thermom- 
eter and observe the height of the column of mer- 
cury and that will indicate the temperature of the ani- 
mal. The price of a good self-registering thermometer 
is $1.50. The cheaper ones all have some defect. 

Trochar. — The use of this instrument is explained 
on pages 118 and 119. The price is $2.25. 

The Mouth Speculum is used to keep the mouth 
open for the purpose of passing back the hand towards 
the throat to give balls to horses or to allow of a ready 
examination of the back teeth. The price is $1.00. 

The Tooth Rasp is the instrument used for filing off 
the sharp edges or points which frequently project from 
the molar or back teeth as explained on page 167. The 



APPENDIX. 



price is $2.25 and 25 cents each for new file blades 
to replace the file when it is worn out. By sending the 
price of any of those instruments either together or 
separately with an order describing which instruments 
are required they will be immediately forwarded to the 
nearest express office. The thermometer and trochar 
may be sent by mail if requested when six cents in 
stamps should be added to the price as given above. 

The five instruments will be forwarded to any address 
on receipt of $10.00. 

Address all communicatiens to 

DR. J. M. HEARD, 119 West 56th St., 

NEW YORK CITY. 



DR. HbARD'S AMERICAN 

P m_b_r_o_caiiq N 



For All Animals. 




This is absolutely the best Liniment for all pur- 
poses where a stimulant is required for external use. 
It is exceedingly valuable in Sore Throats, Eheumatism, 
Distemper, Bronchitis, Sprains, Splints when the horse 
is lame, Windgalls, Capped hock, Capped elbow, Curbs, 
Blood spavins and all kinds of lameness. 

PRICE ONE DOLLAR PER BOTTLE. 

May be obtained at all Harness and Drug Stores, or 
sent by express to any part of the United States or 
Canada on receij)t of price. 

Address all communications to 

DR. J. M. HEARD, H.R.C.V.S. 
■ 19 West s6th Street, NEW YORK CITY, N. V. 



DR. HEARD'S 



Magic Colic Mixture 



For Horses and Cattle. 



This mixture is unequalled as a remedy for Colic, 
Chills, Inflammation of the bowels, Gripes, Indigestion, 
"Wind Colic, Staggers, all Liver and Stomach com- 
plaints, Kidney and Bladder diseases and all Bowel 
deranefements. 



■•&' 



No stock owner should be without a supply of this 
medicine as it has saved the lives of thousands of ani- 
mals and keeps its strength for any length of time. 

Price one Dollar per bottle and may be obtained at 
all Harness and Drug stores. 

Will be forwarded to any address in the United 
States and Canada on receipt of price. 

Address 

DR. J. M. HEARD, M. R. C.V.S. 

119 WEST 56TH STREET, 

NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. 



DR. J. M. HEARD'S 

SPECIFIC HEALINC LOTION 

For Wounds of all kinds in all animals especially 

SCRATCHES. 

This preparation heals all kinds of Cuts, soft Corns 
in horse's feet, abscesses after .being opened, Saddle 
and Collar galls where the skin is broken, Sores under 
the jaw in colt distemper, Scratches, which is such a 
dreaded AVinter disease and wounds of whatever de- 
scription in shorter time and with less suppuration 
formation of pus than with the application of any other 
substance. 

Price fifty cents and one dollar per bottle. 

For sale by all Harness and Drug stores and sent 
to any address in the United States and Canada on 
receipt of price. 

Address 

DR. J. M. HEARD, M.R.C.V.S. 

119 WEST 56TH STREET, 

NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. 



DR. J. M. HEARD'S 



Condition Powders 



As a remedy for Debility, Constipation, Anemia, 
Rheumatism, Chronic Cough, Roaring, Broken "Wind, 
Heaves, Dyspepsia and Indigestion, this preparation 
has no equal. And for a general Tonic and giving 
horses a good glossy coat with a tendency to j^nt on 
flesh rapidly these Powders are unsurpassed in value. 

Sold in tin cans in which they keep perfectly good 
— containing enough Powders for 30 doses for a full 
grown horse. 

Price one dollar per can. 

Sold by all Harness and Drug stores and sent free 
to any address in the United States on receij)t of price. 

Address 

DR. J. M. HEARD, M.R.C.V.S. 

119 WEST 56TH STREET, 
NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. 



DR J. M. HEARD'S 

WORM POWDERS 

These worm Powders have been successfully used 
for many years past as a safe and sure remedy for all 
kinds of Worms especially those described on pages 
185-186-187 in this book. 

Price one dollar j^er box. 

For sale by all Harness and Drug stores and sent 
free on receipt of price to any address in the United 
States and Canada. 

Address 

DR. J. M. HEARD. M.R.C.V.S. 

119 WEST 56TH STREET, 
NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. 

When ordering from Harness or Drug stores either 
wholesale or retail, be sure and specify by name Dr. 
Heard's preparations to prevent the sending by them 
of inferior imitations of Dr. Heard's medicines. 



DR. J. M. HEARD'S 



Dermal Liniment 



This is a stimulating Liniment used to cure pimples, 
blotches, bites and stings of reptiles, eczema, col- 
lar and saddle galls where the skin is not broken, and 
to prevent chills after exposure to severe cold, or after 
profuse perspiration, to prevent aches and pains in 
the limbs of Race horses after severe exertion and to 
strengthen the muscles of the back and limbs. 

For rubbing down Trotting, Running or Carriage 
Horses after hard work in exercise or Racing it is in- 
valuable ; and no trainer should be without it. 

For all purposes this Liniment must be diluted with 
water, which is explained on the label. 

Price 50 cents per quart bottle. Sold by all Harness 
and Drug stores and sent to any address on receipt of 
price. 

Address 

Dr. J. M. HEARD, M.R.C.V.S. 

119 WEST 56TH SRTEET, 
NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. 



DR. J. M. HEARD'S 

HOOF LINIMENT. 

This is the most valuable preparation for 
the preservation of the natural elasticity" of the 
horn, and instead of extracting the moisture as most 
of the Hoof Dressings do, this prevents all evaporation; 
hence, acts to prevent Contracted Feet, Dry, 
Hard and Brittle Horn, Quarter Cracks, Etc. 

The benefits of the Hoof Liniment are ex- 
plained in detail on page 155. 

Price One Dollar per quart can. 

Sold by all Harness and Drug stores and 
sent to any address in the United States and Canada 
on receipt of price. 

Address 

Dr. J. M. HEARD, M.R.C.V.S. 

119 WEST 56TH SRTEET, 
NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. 



DR. J. M. HEARD'S 

Golden Healing Powders 

Will form a crust or scab on a sore iu less 
time than any other application, and makes the wound 
l^erfectly aseptic and prevents the access of germs 
from the outside. 

Price Twenty-Five and Fifty Cents. 

For sale at all Harness and Drug Stores 
and sent free by mail on receipt of price. 



DR. J. M. HEARD'S 

Lotion for Moon Eye. 

stock owners who reside in districts where this 
disease is common should always keep a bottle of this 
Lotion on hand, and thereby prevent permanent injury 
to the eye and often total loss of sight. Its use will 
clear off the white scum that forms on the eye, better 
than any other application. 

Price, with syringe. One Dollar. 

Sent to any address in the United States and 
Canada on receipt of price, and for sale at all Harness 
and Drug Stores. 

j^.ddress 

DR. J. M. HEARD, M. R.C.V.S. 

119 WEST 56TH STREET. 

NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. 



DR. HEARD'S 

Chart for Horse Owners. 

Printed on stout board 16 x 20 incites, con- 
taining- 26 engravings with accompanying explanatory 
text, arranged to be hung in offices, making an 
artistic and instructive decoration. Will b^ mailed 
inside a suitable mailing tube on receipt of an 
application accompanied by Ten cents in stamps. 



HORSE SHOEING, PAST & PRESENT. 

In preparation and will be issued about 
March 1st., 1894. A revised and enlarged edition 
of " Horse Shoeing, Past and Present," will be well 
illustrated and bound in cloth. 

Price Fifty Cents. 

Sent free by mail on receij^t of price, when issued. 

Address 

DR. J. M. HEARD, M. R. C.V.S. 

1 19 WEST 56TH STREET, 

NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. 



DR J. M. HEARD'S 

Chart for Drug Stores. 

This chart is gotten up especially for Drug-^ 
gists, aud contains a Table of Animal Diseases and 
their remedies ; with a Table of Medicines and their 
doses for the Horse, Ox and Dog. 

Printed on stout cardboard suitable for hanging 
in Drug Laboratories, where it will be a valuable 
reference chart, enabling the owner to correctly 
prescribe for common animal ailments to his own 
profit as well as that of his patrons. 

Sent free to all Drug Stores on application to 

DR. J. M. HEARD, M.R.C.V.S. 

119 WEST 56TH STREET, 
NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. 



How to Tell tie Ap of lie Horse 

By DR. J. M. HEARD, M. R. C. V. 5. 

(LLUSTRATED. PRICE, 30 , 

SOLD BY 



M. T. RICHARDSON, 

86 READE STREET, NEW YORK CITY. 



. TESTIMONIALS • 

"yHE following are a few of the numerous letters that 
have been received within the past few months: 
" One of the most troublesome things we have had to 
contend with for several years has been the bunches 
that grow on the limbs of horses as the result of bruis- 
ing with the opposite foot. These bunches often become 
hard and colloused and no remedy that we could find 
or that the veterinarians could suggest seemed to be of 
an}^ benefit until we accidentally came across your Em- 
brocation, since which we have not had a case of this 
kind that has not been completely cured by the appli- 
cation of 3'our Embrocation as directed. I can there- 
fore recommend it in the highest degree for all pur- 
poses where it is necessary to get rid of either tempo- 
rary or chronic enlargements." 

CHAS. W. DICKEL, of Dickel's Riding Academv, 

N. Y. City/ 

" I have used your Emrrocation with great success. 
One case in particular I wish to mention. A horse 
owned by Mr. Ginter the large cigarette manufacturer, 
was badly affected with eczema; he broke out all over 
in large abscesses and in two days the Embrocation en- 
tirely killed the whole thing, and in two wrecks the 
hair had grown out again so that no one could see that 
there had been anything the matter wdth him. I 
would not be without it at any cost." 
HERBERT CODD, 

Richmond, Va. 

*' We have used large quantities of your Magic Colic 
Mixture for all kinds of painful diseases of the bowels 
and the various forms of colic which are continually oc- 
curring in some of the two thousand horses of our es- 
tablishment and I have always found it a very efficient 
remedy. 

I. HOUGH, V. S. 

3d Ave. R. R. Stables, 

New York City. 



TESTIMONIALS. 

"We have used a number of bottles of your American 
Embrocation on horses with sore throats and various 
forms of lameness, and can affirm, without hesitation, 
that it is the best liniment we have used in thirty years 
experience. Please send us one dozen as soon as possi- 
ble, as we cannot do without it." 

J. H. ^t:ke, 

Supt. of Central Park Kiding Academy Stables, 

New York City. 
" I have had several cases of colic in horses under 
my charge in the last 2 years and never failed to cure 
it in a very short time with a bottle of your Magic 
Mixture." 

T. J. ROEBUCK, 

West Townsend, Mass. 

" I have used your American Embrocation on several 
bad cases and can honestly say it is the best I ever 
used, and it will surely do everything you claim for it." 
E. T. LANE, 
Supt. of Brooklyn Riding and Driving Club, 

Brooklyn, N. T. 

" One of Mr. F. S. Kinney's horses was last week at- 
tacked with a violent colic and we administered a bot- 
tle of your Magic Colic ^Mixture which brought entire 
relief in a few minutes, in fact its action was so prompt 
that I would advise every horse owner to keep some of 
the Mixture continually on hand for sudden emergen- 
cies." 

W. H. MITCHELL, Supi, 

Kinnelon, Morris Co., N. J. 

" I have used your Hoof Liniment £.nd Moon Eye Lo- 
tion for some years past and they are the best prepara- 
tions that I have ever known to be used on, horses." 
MICHAEL CLANCY, 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

" I have used your Dermal Liniment on all our car- 
riage horses to rub down with aft er coming in from 



TESTIMONIALS. 

work every day during the past summer and I have 
not had a shake or a chill or a particle of soreness or 
lameness during all the time that it has been used. It 
is also a good cleansing agent and makes a great im- 
provement in the appearance of the coat." 
F. COOK, Bellevue Court, 

Newport, E. I. 
"It gives me great pleasure to testify to the excellence 
of your Embrocation. With such a large number of 
horses as I have under my charge it is in constant use, 
and believe me, I would not be without it if its cost 
were double what it is, and I should still esteem it the 
cheapest liniment in the market." 

WILLIAM MATHEWS, 

New York City. 
" I have used the Embrocation in a bad case of chronic 
sprain and a capped hock, and I never saw anything 
act so promptly in relieving lameness and swelling as this 
Embrocation, and I shall certainly recommend it to ail 
my friends who have the care of valuable trotters; in 
fact, I wouldn't be without it if the cost was three times 
as high as it is. 

WILLIAM CURLEY, 

Supt. Frank Work's Stable, 

New York City. 
"I have used your Healing Lotion for the healing of 
strangles sores and am surprised how quick they heal 
up." 

MAURICE McAULIFFE, 

Druid Hill Ave., 

Baltimore, Md. 
"I have used the Embrocation received from you on 
several cases of long standing lameness. I can cheer- 
fully testify to the great benefit that our horses have re- 
ceived from its use, and have found it especially bene- 
ficial in shoulder lameness." 

J. BAUGHAN. 
Supt. 26th Street Stables, 

New York Transfer Co. 



TESTIMONIALS. 

*'About two months ago I had to have a large tumor 
removed from a horse's shoulder and after the tumor 
was cut out there was a hole in the flesh that I could 
easily lay my fist in and I expected it would take at least 
three months to heal it, but by the use, twice a day, 
of your Healing Lotion it was entirely closed up in a 
month's time." 

THOS. CONATY, 
E. 52nd Street, New York City. 
"Last summer one of my horses had a large abscess 
on the thigh, w^hich, when opened, was relieved of over 
a quart of fluid. I used your Healing Lotion as directed 
and the wound healed up very quickly without leaving 
any swelling or other bad effects. It certainly made a 
wonderful cure." 

W. H. ADAMS. 
Weaver Ave., 
Newport, K. L 

"I have used several dozen bottles of your Embroca- 
tion, and always with the best success." 

J. PAESONS, 
New York City. 

"I have used your Embrocation for sore throats for the 
past 6 years and always with success." 

FEANK DUFFY, 
German Street, 

Baltimore, Md. 

*'I ha^.^e used your Embrocation on several horses with 
curb and found that it takes them oft' clean in every 
case, and I recommend it as being the most valuable 
Liniment in the market for horse dealers." 

H. W. SWAN, 
Bourn Street, 
Providence, B. L 

"In the last month two of our horses have had bad at- 
tacks of colic from over driving and standing in the cold 
afterwards, and in each case immediate relief from the 
pain followed the giving of a bottle of your Magic Mix- 



TESTIMONIALS. 

TURE. It is the greatest remedy for colic that we have 
ever used, and eveiybody who owns a horse should al- 
ways have a bottle on hand." 

BKOWN & EVANS, 
6th Ave., New York City. 

"Having used your Embrocation for pinkeye, distem- 
per, and sore throats in green horses for several years 
past, it gives me pleasure to testify to its very bene- 
ficial effects in all those diseases. I also use it continually 
for sj)rains and bruises, and would not be without it for 
a good deal." 

STRAUS & IMMEN, 
159 and 161 E. 24th St., N. Y. 

"I have used the two dozen bottles of Embrocation with 
every satisfaction. In cases of splint in their infancy I 
think it superior to any imported Embrocation." 

HERBERT CODD, 

Richmond, Va. 

" I have used your Hoof Liniment for the past four 
years, and have always found that its use keeps the horn 
naturally moist and tough and makes a growth of 
strong horn at the coronet. It is far ahead of anything 
that I have ever seen used." 

JAMES SKELLY, 
40 Tennison Street, 

Boston, Mass. 

" Your Condition Powders I have always found to 
produce a fine coat and create a good appetite." 
GEORGE DAWSON, 

St. Paul Street, 

Baltimore, Md. 

"I have found your Condition Powders very useful 
as producers of good appetite after any weakening dis- 
ease." 

WILLIAM GILES, 

Clinton Street, 

Buffalo, N. Y. 



TESTIMO^^IALS. 

''A couple of weeks ago one of our horses got kicked 
in the hip and it made quite a large deep wound in 
through the skin and muscles. I used your Healing 
Lotion on it twice a day, as directed, and now it has all 
healed up. I have often seen similar cases take two 
months to heal." 

JOHN CASSON, 
W. 52nd Street, New York City. 
" The Worm Powders I received lately have fully ac- 
complished the extinction of the worms with which my 
horses were affected." 

ABNER BAKER, 

Fall River, Mass. 
" The Hoof Liniment that I ordered from you has 
grown down such a strong hoof that there is now no 
sign of the quarter crack that I referred to in my 
letter." 

THOS. WILLIS, 

Lenox, Mass. 
" I have used large quantities of your Hoof Liniment 
and Condition Powders, and I consider them to be the 
most valuable remedies, and they should be universally 
used by stockowners." 

WILLIAM MARTIN, 

Ledge Road, 
Newport, R. I. 
" I have used your Embrocation and Hoof Liniment 
for several years now, and they both are exceedingly 
valuable applications for general use in many diseases 
of the limbs and feet of horses." 

JAIVTES COLBROUGH, 

Baltimore, Md. 
"Please send me another dozen Hoof Liniment soon, 
as I am selling it right along since the carriage teams 
are returning home and they want no other kind after 
using yours." 

W. W. ROBERTS, 

1810 Market St., 

Philadelphia. 



